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diff --git a/share/doc/usd/12.vi/viapwh/Makefile b/share/doc/usd/12.vi/viapwh/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..a8de9a151e0a --- /dev/null +++ b/share/doc/usd/12.vi/viapwh/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +DOC= viapwh +SRCS= vi.apwh.ms + +.include <bsd.doc.mk> diff --git a/share/doc/usd/12.vi/viapwh/vi.apwh.ms b/share/doc/usd/12.vi/viapwh/vi.apwh.ms new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..c694da4f254b --- /dev/null +++ b/share/doc/usd/12.vi/viapwh/vi.apwh.ms @@ -0,0 +1,1079 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.nr LL 6.5i +.nr FL 6.5i +.TL +Vi Command & Function Reference +.AU CB 2675 +Alan P.W. Hewett +.sp +Revised for version 2.12 by Mark Horton +.CB +.NH 1 +Author's Disclaimer +.LP +This document does not claim to be 100% complete. There are a +few commands listed in the original document that I was unable +to test either because I do not speak \fBlisp\fR, because they +required programs we don't have, or because I wasn't able to make +them work. In these cases I left the command out. The commands +listed in this document have been tried and are known to work. +It is expected that prospective users of this document will read +it once to get the flavor of everything that \fBvi\fR can do +and then use it as a reference document. Experimentation is +recommended. If you don't understand a command, try it and +see what happens. +.LP +[Note: In revising this document, I have attempted to make it +completely reflect version 2.12 of +.B vi . +It does not attempt to document the VAX version (version 3), +but with one or two exceptions (wrapmargin, arrow keys) +everything said about 2.12 should apply to 3.1. +.I "Mark Horton" ] +.NH 1 +Notation +.LP +\fB[option]\fR is used to denote optional parts of a command. +Many \fBvi\fR commands have an optional count. \fB[cnt]\fR +means that an optional number may precede the command to +multiply or iterate the command. +\fB{variable item}\fR is used to denote parts of the command +which must appear, but can take a number of different values. +\fB<character [-character]>\fR means that the character or +one of the characters in the range described between the +two angle brackets is to be typed. +For example \fB<esc>\fR means +the \fBescape\fR key is to be typed. \fB<a-z>\fR means that a +lower case letter is to be typed. \fB^<character>\fR means that +the character is to be typed as a \fBcontrol\fR character, that is, +with the \fB<cntl>\fR key held down while simultaneously typing +the specified character. In this document control characters will +be denoted using the \fIupper case\fR character, but +^<uppercase chr> and ^<lowercase chr> are equivalent. That is, for +example, \fB<^D>\fR is equal to \fB<^d>\fR. +The most common character abbreviations +used in this list are as follows: +.VL 8 +.IP <esc> 8 +escape, octal 033 +.IP <cr> 8 +carriage return, ^M, octal 015 +.IP <lf> 8 +linefeed ^J, octal 012 +.IP <nl> 8 +newline, ^J, octal 012 (same as linefeed) +.IP <bs> 8 +backspace, ^H, octal 010 +.IP <tab> 8 +tab, ^I, octal 011 +.IP <bell> 8 +bell, ^G, octal 07 +.IP <ff> 8 +formfeed, ^L, octal 014 +.IP <sp> 8 +space, octal 040 +.IP <del> 8 +delete, octal 0177 +.LE +.sp 1 +.NH 1 +Basics +.LP +To run \fBvi\fR the shell variable \fBTERM\fR must be defined and +exported to your environment. +How you do this depends on which shell you are using. +You can tell which shell you have by the character it +prompts you for commands with. +The Bourne shell prompts with `$', and the C shell prompts with `%'. +For these examples, we will suppose +that you are using an HP 2621 terminal, whose termcap name is ``2621''. +.NH 2 +Bourne Shell +.LP +To manually set your terminal type to 2621 you would type: +.DS +TERM=2621 +export TERM +.DE +.PP +There are various ways of having this automatically or +semi-automatically done when you log in. +Suppose you usually dial in on a 2621. +You want to tell this to the machine, but still have it +work when you use a hardwired terminal. +The recommended way, if you have the +.B tset +program, is to use the sequence +.DS +tset \-s \-d 2621 > tset$$ +\&. tset$$ +rm tset$$ +.DE +in your .login (for csh) or the same thing using `.' instead of `source' +in your .profile (for sh). +The above line says that if you are dialing in you are on a 2621, +but if you are on a hardwired terminal it figures out your terminal +type from an on-line list. +.NH 2 +The C Shell +.LP +To manually set your terminal type to 2621 you would type: +.DS +setenv TERM 2621 +.DE +.PP +There are various ways of having this automatically or +semi-automatically done when you log in. +Suppose you usually dial in on a 2621. +You want to tell this to the machine, but still have it +work when you use a hardwired terminal. +The recommended way, if you have the +.B tset +program, is to use the sequence +.DS +tset \-s \-d 2621 > tset$$ +source tset$$ +rm tset$$ +.DE +in your .login.* +.FS +* On a version 6 system +without environments, the invocation of tset +is simpler, just add the line ``tset \-d 2621'' +to your .login or .profile. +.FE +The above line says that if you are dialing in you are on a 2621, +but if you are on a hardwired terminal it figures out your terminal +type from an on-line list. +.NH 1 +Normal Commands +.LP +\fBVi\fR is a visual editor with a window on the file. What +you see on the screen is \fBvi\fR's current notion of +what your file will contain, +(at this point in the file), +when it is written out. +Most commands do not cause any change in the screen until the +complete command is typed. Should you get confused while +typing a command, you can abort the command by typing an +<del> character. You will know you are back to command level +when you hear a <bell>. Usually typing an <esc> will produce the +same result. When \fBvi\fR gets an improperly formatted command +it rings the <bell>. +Following are the \fBvi\fR commands broken down by function. +.NH 2 +Entry and Exit +.LP +To enter +.B vi +on a particular +.I file , +type +.DS +\fBvi\fP \fIfile\fP +.DE +The file will be read in and the cursor will be placed at the beginning +of the first line. +The first screenfull of the file will be displayed on the terminal. +.PP +To get out of the editor, type +.DS +ZZ +.DE +If you are in some special mode, such as input mode +or the middle of a multi-keystroke command, it may +be necessary to type <esc> first. +.NH 2 +Cursor and Page Motion +.LP +.VL 16 +.B NOTE: +The arrow keys (see the next four commands) +on certain kinds of terminals will not work with the +PDP-11 version of vi. The control versions or the hjkl versions will +work on any terminal. Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because +they are always right under their fingers. Beginners often prefer +the arrow keys, since they do not require memorization of which hjkl +key is which. +The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking at the keyboard of an adm3a. +.sp +.IP "[cnt]<bs> or [cnt]h or [cnt]\(<-" 16 +.br +Move the cursor to the left one character. Cursor stops at the left +margin of the page. +If cnt is given, these commands move that many spaces. +.IP "[cnt]^N or [cnt]j or [cnt]\(da or [cnt]<lf>" 16 +.br +Move down one line. +Moving off the screen scrolls the window to force a new line +onto the screen. +Mnemonic: \fBN\fRext +.IP "[cnt]^P or [cnt]k or [cnt]\(ua" 16 +.br +Move up one line. +Moving off the top of the screen forces new text onto the screen. +Mnemonic: \fBP\fRrevious +.IP "[cnt]<sp> or [cnt]l or [cnt]\(->" 16 +.br +Move to the right one character. +Cursor will not go beyond the end of the line. +.IP [cnt]- 16 +Move the cursor up the screen to the beginning of the next line. +Scroll if necessary. +.IP "[cnt]+ or [cnt]<cr>" 16 +.sp 1 +Move the cursor down the screen to the beginning of the next line. +Scroll up if necessary. +.IP "[cnt]$" 16 +Move the cursor to the end of the line. +If there is a count, move to the end of the line "cnt" lines +forward in the file. +.IP "^" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the first word on the line. +.IP "0" 16 +Move the cursor to the left margin of the current line. +.IP "[cnt]|" 16 +Move the cursor to the column specified by the count. The default is +column zero. +.IP "[cnt]w" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word. If there +is a count, then move forward that many words and +position the cursor at the beginning of the word. +Mnemonic: next-\fBw\fRord +.IP "[cnt]W" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word which follows +a "white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>). Ignore other punctuation. +.IP "[cnt]b" 16 +Move the cursor to the preceding word. Mnemonic: \fBb\fRackup-word +.IP "[cnt]B" 16 +Move the cursor to the preceding word that is separated from the +current word by a "white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>). +.IP "[cnt]e" 16 +Move the cursor to the end of the current word or the end of the +"cnt"'th word hence. Mnemonic: \fBe\fRnd-of-word +.IP "[cnt]E" 16 +Move the cursor to the end of the current word which is delimited by +"white space" (<sp>,<tab>, or <nl>). +.IP "[line number]G" 16 +.br +Move the cursor to the line specified. Of particular use are the +sequences "1G" and "G", which move the cursor to the beginning and +the end of the file respectively. Mnemonic: \fBG\fRo-to +.LP +.B NOTE: +The next four commands (^D, ^U, ^F, ^B) +are not true motion commands, in that they +cannot be used as the object of commands such as delete or change. +.IP "[cnt]^D" 16 +Move the cursor down in the file by "cnt" lines (or the last "cnt" +if a new count isn't given. The initial default is half a page.) The +screen is simultaneously scrolled up. Mnemonic: \fBD\fRown +.IP "[cnt]^U" 16 +Move the cursor up in the file by "cnt" lines. The screen is simultaneously +scrolled down. Mnemonic: \fBU\fRp +.IP "[cnt]^F" 16 +Move the cursor to the next page. A count moves that many pages. +Two lines of the previous page are kept on the screen for continuity if +possible. Mnemonic: \fBF\fRorward-a-page +.IP "[cnt]^B" 16 +Move the cursor to the previous page. Two lines of the current page +are kept if possible. Mnemonic: \fBB\fRackup-a-page +.IP "[cnt](" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the next sentence. +A sentence is defined as ending with a ".", "!", or "?" +followed by two spaces or a <nl>. +.IP "[cnt])" 16 +Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a sentence. +.IP "[cnt]}" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph. This command +works best inside \fBnroff\fR documents. It understands two sets of +\fBnroff\fR macros, \fB\-ms\fR and \fB\-mm\fR, for which the +commands ".IP", ".LP", ".PP", ".QP", "P", as well as the nroff command ".bp" +are considered to be paragraph delimiters. +A blank line also delimits a paragraph. +The \fBnroff\fR macros that it accepts as paragraph delimiters is +adjustable. See \fBparagraphs\fR under the \fBSet Commands\fR section. +.IP "[cnt]{" 16 +Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a paragraph. +.IP "]]" 16 +Move the cursor to the next "section", where a section is defined by +two sets of \fBnroff\fR macros, \fB\-ms\fR and \fB\-mm\fR, in which +".NH", ".SH", and ".H" delimit a section. A line beginning with a <ff><nl> +sequence, or a line beginning with a "{" are also considered to +be section delimiters. The last option makes it +useful for finding the beginnings of C functions. +The \fBnroff\fR macros that are used for section delimiters can be adjusted. +See \fBsections\fR under the \fBSet Commands\fR section. +.IP "[[" 16 +Move the cursor backwards to the beginning of a section. +.IP "%" 16 +Move the cursor to the matching parenthesis +or brace. This is very useful in C or lisp code. If the +cursor is sitting on a \fB( ) {\fR or \fB}\fR the cursor +is moved to the matching character at the other end of the +section. If the cursor is not sitting on a brace or a +parenthesis, \fBvi\fR searches forward until it finds one +and then jumps to the match mate. +.IP "[cnt]H" 16 +If there is no count move the cursor to the top left position on the screen. +If there is a count, then move the cursor to the beginning of the line +"cnt" lines from the top of the screen. Mnemonic: \fBH\fRome +.IP "[cnt]L" 16 +If there is no count move the cursor to the beginning +of the last line on the screen. +If there is a count, then move the cursor to the beginning of the line +"cnt" lines from the bottom of the screen. Mnemonic: \fBL\fRast +.IP "M" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the middle line on the screen. +Mnemonic: \fBM\fRiddle +.IP "m<a-z>" 16 +This command does not move the cursor, but it \fBmarks\fR the place +in the file and the character "<a-z>" becomes the label for referring +to this location in the file. See the next two commands. Mnemonic: +\fBm\fRark +.B NOTE: +The mark command is not a motion, and cannot be used as the target +of commands such as delete. +.IP "\(aa<a-z>" 16 +Move the cursor to the beginning of the line that is marked with the label +"<a-z>". +.IP "\(ga<a-z>" 16 +Move the cursor to the exact position on the line that was marked with +with the label "<a-z>". +.IP "\(aa\(aa" 16 +Move the cursor back to the beginning of the line where it was before the +last "non-relative" move. A "non-relative" move is something such as a +search or a jump to a specific line in the file, rather than moving the +cursor or scrolling the screen. +.IP "\(ga\(ga" 16 +Move the cursor back to the exact spot on the line where it was located +before the last "non-relative" move. +.LE +.NH 2 +Searches +.LP +The following commands allow you to search for items in a file. +.VL 16 +.IP [cnt]f{chr} 16 +.sp 1 +Search forward on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of +the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBat\fR the character +of interest. Mnemonic: \fBf\fRind character +.IP [cnt]F{chr} 16 +.sp 1 +Search backwards on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of +the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBat\fR the character +of interest. +.IP [cnt]t{chr} 16 +.sp 1 +Search forward on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of +the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBjust preceding\fR +the character of interest. Mnemonic: move cursor up \fBt\fRo character +.IP [cnt]T{chr} 16 +.sp 1 +Search backwards on the line for the next or "cnt"'th occurrence of +the character "chr". The cursor is placed \fBjust preceding\fR +the character of interest. +.IP "[cnt];" 16 +Repeat the last "f", "F", "t" or "T" command. +.IP "[cnt]," 16 +Repeat the last "f", "F", "t" or "T" command, but in the opposite +search direction. This is useful if you overshoot. +.IP "[cnt]/[string]/<nl>" 16 +.br +Search forward for the next occurrence of "string". +Wrap around at the end of the file +does occur. +The final \fB</>\fR is not required. +.IP "[cnt]?[string]?<nl>" 16 +.br +Search backwards for the next occurrence of "string". If a count is +specified, the count becomes the new window size. Wrap around at the beginning +of the file does occur. +The final \fB<?>\fR is not required. +.IP n 16 +Repeat the last /[string]/ or ?[string]? search. Mnemonic: \fBn\fRext +occurrence. +.IP N 16 +Repeat the last /[string]/ or ?[string]? search, but in the reverse +direction. +.IP ":g/[string]/[editor command]<nl>" 16 +.sp 1 +Using the \fB:\fR syntax it is possible to do global searches ala the +standard UNIX "ed" editor. +.LE +.NH 2 +Text Insertion +.LP +The following commands allow for the insertion of text. All multicharacter +text insertions are terminated with an <esc> character. +The last change +can always be \fBundone\fR by typing a \fBu\fR. +The text insert in insertion mode can contain newlines. +.VL 16 +.IP a{text}<esc> 16 +Insert text immediately following the cursor position. +Mnemonic: \fBa\fRppend +.IP A{text}<esc> 16 +Insert text at the end of the current line. +Mnemonic: \fBA\fRppend +.IP i{text}<esc> 16 +Insert text immediately preceding the cursor position. +Mnemonic: \fBi\fRnsert +.IP I{text}<esc> 16 +Insert text at the beginning of the current line. +.IP o{text}<esc> 16 +Insert a new line after the line on which the cursor appears and +insert text there. Mnemonic: \fBo\fRpen new line +.IP O{text}<esc> 16 +Insert a new line preceding the line on which the cursor appears +and insert text there. +.LE +.NH 2 +Text Deletion +.LP +The following commands allow the user to delete text in various ways. +All changes can always be \fBundone\fR by typing the \fBu\fR command. +.VL 16 +.IP "[cnt]x" 16 +Delete the character or characters starting at the cursor position. +.IP "[cnt]X" 16 +Delete the character or characters starting at the character preceding +the cursor position. +.IP "D" 16 +Deletes the remainder of the line starting at the cursor. +Mnemonic: \fBD\fRelete the rest of line +.IP "[cnt]d{motion}" 16 +.br +Deletes one or more occurrences of the specified motion. +Any motion from sections 4.1 and 4.2 can be used here. +The d can be stuttered (e.g. [cnt]dd) to delete cnt lines. +.LE +.NH 2 +Text Replacement +.LP +The following commands allow the user to simultaneously delete and +insert new text. All such actions can be \fBundone\fR by typing +\fBu\fR following the command. +.VL 16 +.IP "r<chr>" 16 +Replaces the character at the current cursor position with <chr>. This +is a one character replacement. No <esc> is required for termination. +Mnemonic: \fBr\fReplace character +.IP "R{text}<esc>" 16 +Starts overlaying the characters on the screen with whatever you type. +It does not stop until an <esc> is typed. +.IP "[cnt]s{text}<esc>" 16 +Substitute for "cnt" characters beginning at the current cursor +position. A "$" will appear at the position in the text where the +"cnt"'th character appears so you will know how much you are erasing. +Mnemonic: \fBs\fRubstitute +.IP "[cnt]S{text}<esc>" 16 +Substitute for the entire current line (or lines). If no count is given, +a "$" appears at the end of the current line. If a count of more than +1 is given, all the lines to be replaced are deleted before the insertion +begins. +.IP "[cnt]c{motion}{text}<esc>" 16 +.br +Change the specified "motion" by replacing it with the +insertion text. A "$" will appear at the end of the last item +that is being deleted unless the deletion involves whole lines. +Motion's can be any motion from sections 4.1 or 4.2. +Stuttering the c (e.g. [cnt]cc) changes cnt lines. +.LE +.NH 2 +Moving Text +.LP +\fBVi\fR provides a number of ways of moving chunks of text around. +There are nine buffers into which each piece of text which is deleted +or "yanked" is put in addition to the "undo" buffer. +The most recent deletion or yank is in the "undo" buffer and also +usually in buffer +1, the next most recent in buffer 2, and so forth. Each new deletion +pushes down all the older deletions. Deletions older than 9 +disappear. There is also +a set of named registers, a-z, into which text can optionally +be placed. If any delete or replacement type command is preceded +by \fB"<a-z>\fR, that named buffer will contain the text deleted +after the command is executed. For example, \fB"a3dd\fR will delete +three lines starting at the current line and put them in buffer \fB"a\fR.* +.FS +* Referring to an upper case letter as a buffer name (A-Z) is the +same as referring to the lower case letter, except that text placed +in such a buffer is appended to it instead of replacing it. +.FE +There are two more basic commands and +some variations useful in getting and putting text into a file. +.VL 16 +.IP ["<a-z>][cnt]y{motion} 16 +.sp 1 +Yank the specified item or "cnt" items and put in the "undo" buffer or +the specified buffer. The variety of "items" that can be yanked +is the same as those that can be deleted with the "d" command or +changed with the "c" command. In the same way that "dd" means +delete the current line and "cc" means replace the current line, +"yy" means yank the current line. +.IP ["<a-z>][cnt]Y 16 +Yank the current line or the "cnt" lines starting from the current +line. If no buffer is specified, they will go into the "undo" buffer, +like any delete would. It is equivalent to "yy". +Mnemonic: \fBY\fRank +.IP ["<a-z>]p 16 +Put "undo" buffer or the specified buffer down \fBafter\fR the cursor. +If whole lines were yanked or deleted into the buffer, then they will be +put down on the line following the line the cursor is on. If +something else was deleted, like a word or sentence, then it will +be inserted immediately following the cursor. +Mnemonic: \fBp\fRut buffer +.IP +It should be noted that text in the named buffers remains there when you +start editing a new file with the \fB:e file<esc>\fR command. Since +this is so, it is possible to copy or delete text from one file and +carry it over to another file in the buffers. +However, the undo buffer and the ability to undo are lost when +changing files. +.IP ["<a-z>]P 16 +Put "undo" buffer or the specified buffer down \fBbefore\fR the cursor. +If whole lines where yanked or deleted into the buffer, then they will be +put down on the line preceding the line the cursor is on. If +something else was deleted, like a word or sentence, then it will +be inserted immediately preceding the cursor. +.IP [cnt]>{motion} 16 +The shift operator will right shift all the text from the line on which +the cursor is located to the line where the \fBmotion\fR is located. +The text is shifted by one \fBshiftwidth\fR. (See section 6.) +\fB>>\fR means right shift the current line or lines. +.IP [cnt]<{motion} 16 +The shift operator will left shift all the text from the line on which +the cursor is located to the line where the \fBitem\fR is located. +The text is shifted by one \fBshiftwidth\fR. (See section 6.) +\fB<<\fR means left shift the current line or lines. +Once the line has reached the left margin it is not further affected. +.IP [cnt]={motion} 16 +Prettyprints the indicated area according to +.B lisp +conventions. +The area should be a lisp s-expression. +.LE +.NH 2 +Miscellaneous Commands +.LP +\fBVi\fR has a number of miscellaneous commands that are very +useful. They are: +.VL 16 +.IP ZZ 16 +This is the normal way to exit from vi. +If any changes have been made, the file is written out. +Then you are returned to the shell. +.IP ^L 16 +Redraw the current screen. This is useful if someone "write"s you +while you are in "vi" or if for any reason garbage gets onto the +screen. +.IP ^R 16 +On dumb terminals, those not having the "delete line" function +(the vt100 is such a terminal), \fBvi\fR saves redrawing the +screen when you delete a line by just marking the line with an +"@" at the beginning and blanking the line. If you want to +actually get rid of the lines marked with "@" and see what the +page looks like, typing a ^R will do this. +.IP \s+4.\s0 16 +"Dot" is a particularly useful command. It repeats the last +text modifying command. Therefore you can type a command once and +then to another place and repeat it by just typing ".". +.IP u 16 +Perhaps the most important command in the editor, +u undoes the last command that changed the buffer. +Mnemonic: \fBu\fRndo +.IP U 16 +Undo all the text modifying commands performed on the current line +since the last time you moved onto it. +.IP [cnt]J 16 +Join the current line and the following line. The <nl> is deleted +and the two lines joined, usually with a space between the +end of the first line and the beginning of what was the second +line. If the first line ended with a "period", then two spaces +are inserted. +A count joins the next cnt lines. +Mnemonic: \fBJ\fRoin lines +.IP Q 16 +Switch to \fBex\fR editing mode. +In this mode \fBvi\fR will behave very much like \fBed\fR. +The editor in this mode will operate on single lines normally and +will not attempt to keep the "window" up to date. +Once in this mode it is also possible to switch to the \fBopen\fR +mode of editing. By entering the command \fB[line number]open<nl>\fR +you enter this mode. It is similar to the normal visual mode +except the window is only \fBone\fR line long. +Mnemonic: \fBQ\fRuit visual mode +.IP ^] 16 +An abbreviation for a tag command. +The cursor should be positioned at the beginning of a word. +That word is taken as a tag name, and the tag with that +name is found as if it had been typed in a :tag command. +.IP [cnt]!{motion}{UNIX\ cmd}<nl> 16 +.br +Any UNIX filter +(e.g. command that reads the standard input and outputs something +to the standard output) can be sent a section of the current file and +have the output of the command replace the original text. Useful +examples are programs like \fBcb\fR, \fBsort\fR, and +\fBnroff\fR. For instance, using \fBsort\fR it would be possible to +sort a section of the current file into a new list. +Using \fB!!\fR means take a line or lines starting at the line the +cursor is currently on and pass them to the UNIX command. +.B NOTE: +To just escape to the shell for one command, +use :!{cmd}<nl>, see section 5. +.IP z{cnt}<nl> 16 +This resets the current window size to "cnt" lines and redraws the screen. +.LE +.NH 2 +Special Insert Characters +.LP +There are some characters that have special meanings during +insert modes. They are: +.VL 16 +.IP ^V 16 +During inserts, typing a ^V allows you to quote control characters +into the file. Any character typed after the ^V will be inserted +into the file. +.IP [^]^D\ or\ [0]^D 16 +<^D> without any argument backs up one \fBshiftwidth\fR. This is necessary +to remove indentation that was inserted by the \fBautoindent\fR feature. +^<^D> temporarily removes all the autoindentation, thus placing the cursor +at the left margin. On the next line, the previous indent level will be +restored. This is useful for putting "labels" at the left margin. +0<^D> says remove all autoindents and stay that way. Thus the cursor +moves to the left margin and stays there on successive lines until +<tab>'s are typed. As with the <tab>, the <^D> is only effective before +any other "non-autoindent" controlling characters are typed. +Mnemonic: \fBD\fRelete a shiftwidth +.IP ^W 16 +If the cursor is sitting on a word, <^W> moves the cursor back to the beginning +of the word, thus erasing the word from the insert. +Mnemonic: erase \fBW\fRord +.IP <bs> 16 +The backspace always serves as an erase during insert modes in addition +to your normal "erase" character. To insert a <bs> into your file, use +the <^V> to quote it. +.LE +.NH 1 +\fB:\fR Commands +.LP +Typing a ":" during command mode causes \fBvi\fR to put the cursor at +the bottom on the screen in preparation for a command. In the +":" mode, \fBvi\fR can be given most \fBed\fR commands. It is +also from this mode that you exit from \fBvi\fR or switch to different +files. All commands of this variety are terminated by a <nl>, <cr>, +or <esc>. +.VL 16 +.IP ":w[!] [file]" 16 +Causes \fBvi\fR to write out the current text to the disk. It is +written to the file you are editing unless "file" is supplied. If +"file" is supplied, the write is directed to that file instead. If +that file already exists, \fBvi\fR will not perform the write unless +the "!" is supplied indicating you +.I really +want to destroy the older copy of the file. +.IP :q[!] 16 +Causes \fBvi\fR to exit. If you have modified the file you are +looking at currently and haven't written it out, \fBvi\fR will +refuse to exit unless the "!" is supplied. +.IP ":e[!] [+[cmd]] [file]" 16 +.sp 1 +Start editing a new file called "file" or start editing the current +file over again. The command ":e!" says "ignore the changes I've made +to this file and start over from the beginning". It is useful if +you really mess up the file. The optional "+" says instead of starting +at the beginning, start at the "end", or, +if "cmd" is supplied, execute "cmd" first. +Useful cases of this are where cmd is "n" (any integer) which starts +at line number n, +and "/text", which searches for "text" and starts at the line where +it is found. +.IP "^^" 16 +Switch back to the place you were before your last tag command. +If your last tag command stayed within the file, ^^ returns to that tag. +If you have no recent tag command, it will return to the +same place in the previous file that it was showing when you switched +to the current file. +.IP ":n[!]" 16 +Start editing the next file in the argument list. Since \fBvi\fR +can be called with multiple file names, the ":n" command tells it to +stop work on the current file and switch to the next file. If the +current file was modifies, it has to be written out before the ":n" +will work or else the "!" must be supplied, which says discard the +changes I made to the current file. +.IP ":n[!] file [file file ...]" 16 +.sp +Replace the current argument list with a new list of files and start +editing the first file in this new list. +.IP ":r file" 16 +Read in a copy of "file" on the line after the cursor. +.IP ":r !cmd" 16 +Execute the "cmd" and take its output and put it into the file after +the current line. +.IP ":!cmd" 16 +Execute any UNIX shell command. +.IP ":ta[!] tag" 16 +.B Vi +looks in the file named +.B tags +in the current directory. +.B Tags +is a file of lines in the format: +.sp 1 +.ti +8 +tag filename \fBvi\fR-search-command +.sp 1 +If \fBvi\fR finds the tag you specified in the \fB:ta\fR command, +it stops editing the current file if necessary and if the current file is +up to date on the disk and switches to the file specified and uses the +search pattern specified to find the "tagged" item of interest. This +is particularly useful when editing multi-file C programs such as the +operating system. There is a program called \fBctags\fR which will +generate an appropriate \fBtags\fR file for C and f77 +programs so that by saying +\fB:ta function<nl>\fR you will be switched to that function. +It could also be useful when editing multi-file documents, though the +\fBtags\fR file would have to be generated manually. +.LE +.NH 1 +Special Arrangements for Startup +.PP +\fBVi\fR takes the value of \fB$TERM\fR and looks up the characteristics +of that terminal in the file \fB/etc/termcap\fR. +If you don't know \fBvi\fR's name for the terminal you are working +on, look in \fB/etc/termcap\fR. +.PP +When \fBvi\fR starts, it attempts to read the variable EXINIT +from your environment.* +If that exists, it takes the values in it as the default values +for certain of its internal constants. See the section on "Set Values" +for further details. +If EXINIT doesn't exist you will get all the normal defaults. +.FS +* On version 6 systems +Instead of EXINIT, put the startup commands in the file .exrc +in your home directory. +.FE +.PP +Should you inadvertently hang up the phone while inside +.B vi , +or should the computer crash, +all may not be lost. +Upon returning to the system, type: +.DS +vi \-r file +.DE +This will normally recover the file. If there is more than one +temporary file for a specific file name, \fBvi\fR recovers the +newest one. You can get an older version by recovering the +file more than once. +The command "vi -r" without a file name gives you the list of files +that were saved in the last system crash +(but +.I not +the file just saved when the phone was hung up). +.NH 1 +Set Commands +.LP +\fBVi\fR has a number of internal variables and switches which can be +set to achieve special affects. +These options come in three forms, those that are switches, which toggle +from off to on and back, those that require a numeric value, and those +that require an alphanumeric string value. +The toggle options are set by a command of the form: +.DS +:set option<nl> +.DE +and turned off with the command: +.DS +:set nooption<nl> +.DE +Commands requiring a value are set with a command of the form: +.DS +:set option=value<nl> +.DE +To display the value of a specific option type: +.DS +:set option?<nl> +.DE +To display only those that you have changed type: +.DS +:set<nl> +.DE +and to display the long table of all the settable parameters and +their current values type: +.DS +:set all<nl> +.DE +.PP +Most of the options have a long form and an abbreviation. Both are +listed in the following table as well as the normal default value. +.PP +To arrange to have values other than the default used every time you +enter +.B vi , +place the appropriate +.B set +command in EXINIT in your environment, e.g. +.DS +EXINIT='set ai aw terse sh=/bin/csh' +export EXINIT +.DE +or +.DS +setenv EXINIT 'set ai aw terse sh=/bin/csh' +.DE +for +.B sh +and +.B csh , +respectively. +These are usually placed in your .profile or .login. +If you are running a system without environments (such as version 6) +you can place the set command in the file .exrc in your home +directory. +.VL 16 +.IP autoindent\ ai 16 +Default: noai Type: toggle +.br +When in autoindent mode, vi helps you indent code by starting each +line in the same column as the preceding line. +Tabbing to the right with <tab> or <^T> will move this boundary to +the right, and it can be moved to the left with <^D>. +.IP autoprint\ ap 16 +Default: ap Type: toggle +.br +Causes the current line to be printed after each ex text modifying command. +This is not of much interest in the normal \fBvi\fR visual mode. +.IP autowrite\ aw 16 +Default: noaw type: toggle +.br +Autowrite causes an automatic write to be done if there are unsaved +changes before certain commands which change files or otherwise +interact with the outside world. +These commands are :!, :tag, :next, :rewind, ^^, and ^]. +.IP beautify\ bf 16 +Default: nobf Type: toggle +.br +Causes all control characters except <tab>, <nl>, and <ff> to be discarded. +.IP directory\ dir 16 +Default: dir=/tmp Type: string +.br +This is the directory in which \fBvi\fR puts its temporary file. +.IP errorbells\ eb 16 +Default: noeb Type: toggle +.br +Error messages are preceded by a <bell>. +.IP hardtabs\ ht 16 +Default: hardtabs=8 Type: numeric +.br +This option contains the value of hardware tabs in your terminal, or +of software tabs expanded by the Unix system. +.IP ignorecase\ ic 16 +Default: noic Type: toggle +.br +All upper case characters are mapped to lower case in regular expression +matching. +.IP lisp 16 +Default: nolisp Type: toggle +.br +Autoindent for \fBlisp\fR code. The commands \fB( ) [[\fR and \fB]]\fR +are modified appropriately to affect s-expressions and functions. +.IP list 16 +Default: nolist Type: toggle +.br +All printed lines have the <tab> and <nl> characters displayed visually. +.IP magic 16 +Default: magic Type: toggle +.br +Enable the metacharacters for matching. These include \fB. * < > [string] +[^string]\fR and \fB[<chr>-<chr>]\fR. +.IP number\ nu 16 +Default: nonu Type: toggle +.br +Each line is displayed with its line number. +.IP open 16 +Default: open Type: toggle +.br +When set, prevents entering open or visual modes from ex or edit. +Not of interest from vi. +.IP optimize\ opt 16 +Default: opt Type: toggle +.br +Basically of use only when using the \fBex\fR capabilities. This +option prevents automatic <cr>s from taking place, +and speeds up output of indented lines, +at the expense of losing typeahead on some versions of UNIX. +.IP paragraphs\ para 16 +Default: para=IPLPPPQPP\ bp Type: string +.br +Each pair of characters in the string indicate \fBnroff\fR macros +which are to be treated as the beginning of a paragraph for the +\fB{\fR and \fB}\fR commands. The default string is for the \fB-ms\fR +and \fB-mm\fR macros. +To indicate one letter \fBnroff\fR macros, such as \fB.P\fR or \fB.H\fR, +quote a space in for the second character position. For example: +.sp 1 +.ti +8 +:set paragraphs=P\e bp<nl> +.sp 1 +would cause \fBvi\fR to consider \fB.P\fR and \fB.bp\fR as paragraph +delimiters. +.IP prompt 16 +Default: prompt Type: toggle +.br +In +.B ex +command mode the prompt character \fB:\fR will be printed when +\fBex\fR is waiting for a command. This is not of interest from vi. +.IP redraw 16 +Default: noredraw Type: toggle +.br +On dumb terminals, force the screen to always be up to date, +by sending great amounts of output. Useful only at high speeds. +.IP report 16 +Default: report=5 Type: numeric +.br +This sets the threshold for the number of lines modified. When +more than this number of lines are modified, removed, or yanked, +\fBvi\fR will report the number of lines changed at the bottom of +the screen. +.IP scroll 16 +Default: scroll={1/2 window} Type: numeric +.br +This is the number of lines that the screen scrolls up or down when +using the <^U> and <^D> commands. +.IP sections 16 +Default: sections=SHNHH HU Type: string +.br +Each two character pair of this string specify \fBnroff\fR macro names +which are to be treated as the beginning of a section by the +\fB]]\fR and \fB[[\fR commands. The default string is for the \fB-ms\fR +and \fB-mm\fR macros. +To enter one letter \fBnroff\fR macros, use a quoted space as the +second character. +See \fBparagraphs\fR for a fuller explanation. +.IP shell\ sh 16 +Default: sh=from environment SHELL or /bin/sh Type: string +.br +This is the name of the \fBsh\fR to be used for "escaped" commands. +.IP shiftwidth\ sw 16 +Default: sw=8 Type: numeric +.br +This is the number of spaces that a <^T> or <^D> will move over for +indenting, and the amount < and > shift by. +.IP showmatch\ sm 16 +Default: nosm Type: toggle +.br +When a \fB)\fR or \fB}\fR is typed, show the matching \fB(\fR or \fB{\fR +by moving the cursor to it for one second if it is on the current screen. +.IP slowopen\ slow 16 +Default: terminal dependent Type: toggle +.br +On terminals that are slow and unintelligent, this option prevents the +updating of the screen some of the time to improve speed. +.IP tabstop\ ts 16 +Default: ts=8 Type: numeric +.br +<tab>s are expanded to boundaries that are multiples of this value. +.IP taglength\ tl 16 +Default: tl=0 Type: numeric +.br +If nonzero, tag names are only significant to this many characters. +.IP term 16 +Default: (from environment \fBTERM\fP, else dumb) Type: string +.br +This is the terminal and controls the visual displays. It cannot be +changed when in "visual" mode, +you have to Q to command mode, type a +set term command, and do ``vi.'' to get back into visual. +Or exit vi, fix $TERM, and reenter. +The definitions that drive a particular +terminal type are found in the file \fB/etc/termcap\fR. +.IP terse 16 +Default: terse Type: toggle +.br +When set, the error diagnostics are short. +.IP warn 16 +Default: warn Type: toggle +.br +The user is warned if she/he tries to escape to +the shell without writing out the current changes. +.IP window 16 +Default: window={8 at 600 baud or less, 16 at 1200 baud, and screen +size \- 1 at 2400 baud or more} Type: numeric +.br +This is the number of lines in the window whenever \fBvi\fR must redraw +an entire screen. It is useful to make this size smaller if you are +on a slow line. +.IP w300,\ w1200,\ w9600 +.br +These set window, but only within the corresponding speed ranges. +They are useful in an EXINIT to fine tune window sizes. +For example, +.DS +set w300=4 w1200=12 +.DE +causes a 4 lines window at speed up to 600 baud, a 12 line window at 1200 +baud, and a full screen (the default) at over 1200 baud. +.IP wrapscan\ ws 16 +Default: ws Type: toggle +.br +Searches will wrap around the end of the file when is option is set. When +it is off, the search will terminate when it reaches the end or the +beginning of the file. +.IP wrapmargin\ wm 16 +Default: wm=0 Type: numeric +.br +\fBVi\fR will automatically insert a <nl> when it finds a natural +break point (usually a <sp> between words) that occurs within +"wm" spaces of the right margin. +Therefore with "wm=0" the option is off. Setting it to 10 would +mean that any time you are within 10 spaces of the right margin +\fBvi\fR would be looking for a <sp> or <tab> which it could +replace with a <nl>. This is convenient for people who forget +to look at the screen while they type. +(In version 3, wrapmargin behaves more like nroff, in that the +boundary specified by the distance from the right edge of the screen +is taken as the rightmost edge of the area where a break is allowed, +instead of the leftmost edge.) +.IP writeany\ wa 16 +Default: nowa Type: toggle +.br +\fBVi\fR normally makes a number of checks before it writes out a file. +This prevents the user from inadvertently destroying a file. When the +"writeany" option is enabled, \fBvi\fR no longer makes these checks. +.LE |