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diff --git a/share/doc/psd/05.sysman/0.t b/share/doc/psd/05.sysman/0.t new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..f711423edc34 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/doc/psd/05.sysman/0.t @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.if n .ND +.TL +Berkeley Software Architecture Manual +.br +4.4BSD Edition +.AU +William Joy, Robert Fabry, +.AU +Samuel Leffler, M. Kirk McKusick, +.AU +Michael Karels +.AI +Computer Systems Research Group +Computer Science Division +Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science +University of California, Berkeley +Berkeley, CA 94720 +.EH 'PSD:5-%''4.4BSD Architecture Manual' +.OH '4.4BSD Architecture Manual''PSD:5-%' +.AB +.FS +* UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. +.FE +This document summarizes the facilities +provided by the 4.4BSD version of the UNIX\|* operating system. +It does not attempt to act as a tutorial for use of the system +nor does it attempt to explain or justify the design of the +system facilities. +It gives neither motivation nor implementation details, +in favor of brevity. +.PP +The first section describes the basic kernel functions +provided to a UNIX process: process naming and protection, +memory management, software interrupts, +object references (descriptors), time and statistics functions, +and resource controls. +These facilities, as well as facilities for +bootstrap, shutdown and process accounting, +are provided solely by the kernel. +.PP +The second section describes the standard system +abstractions for +files and file systems, +communication, +terminal handling, +and process control and debugging. +These facilities are implemented by the operating system or by +network server processes. +.AE +.LP +.bp +.ft B +.br +.sv 2 +.ce +TABLE OF CONTENTS +.ft R +.LP +.sp 1 +.nf +.B "Introduction." +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +.B "0. Notation and types" +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +.B "1. Kernel primitives" +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +.nf +\fB1.1. Processes and protection\fP +1.1.1. Host and process identifiers +1.1.2. Process creation and termination +1.1.3. User and group ids +1.1.4. Process groups +.LP +.nf +\fB1.2. Memory management\fP +1.2.1. Text, data and stack +1.2.2. Mapping pages +1.2.3. Page protection control +1.2.4. Giving and getting advice +1.2.5. Protection primitives +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB1.3. Signals\fP +1.3.1. Overview +1.3.2. Signal types +1.3.3. Signal handlers +1.3.4. Sending signals +1.3.5. Protecting critical sections +1.3.6. Signal stacks +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB1.4. Timing and statistics\fP +1.4.1. Real time +1.4.2. Interval time +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB1.5. Descriptors\fP +1.5.1. The reference table +1.5.2. Descriptor properties +1.5.3. Managing descriptor references +1.5.4. Multiplexing requests +1.5.5. Descriptor wrapping +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB1.6. Resource controls\fP +1.6.1. Process priorities +1.6.2. Resource utilization +1.6.3. Resource limits +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB1.7. System operation support\fP +1.7.1. Bootstrap operations +1.7.2. Shutdown operations +1.7.3. Accounting +.bp +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.sp 1 +.nf +\fB2. System facilities\fP +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB2.1. Generic operations\fP +2.1.1. Read and write +2.1.2. Input/output control +2.1.3. Non-blocking and asynchronous operations +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB2.2. File system\fP +2.2.1 Overview +2.2.2. Naming +2.2.3. Creation and removal +2.2.3.1. Directory creation and removal +2.2.3.2. File creation +2.2.3.3. Creating references to devices +2.2.3.4. Portal creation +2.2.3.6. File, device, and portal removal +2.2.4. Reading and modifying file attributes +2.2.5. Links and renaming +2.2.6. Extension and truncation +2.2.7. Checking accessibility +2.2.8. Locking +2.2.9. Disc quotas +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB2.3. Interprocess communication\fP +2.3.1. Interprocess communication primitives +2.3.1.1.\0 Communication domains +2.3.1.2.\0 Socket types and protocols +2.3.1.3.\0 Socket creation, naming and service establishment +2.3.1.4.\0 Accepting connections +2.3.1.5.\0 Making connections +2.3.1.6.\0 Sending and receiving data +2.3.1.7.\0 Scatter/gather and exchanging access rights +2.3.1.8.\0 Using read and write with sockets +2.3.1.9.\0 Shutting down halves of full-duplex connections +2.3.1.10.\0 Socket and protocol options +2.3.2. UNIX domain +2.3.2.1. Types of sockets +2.3.2.2. Naming +2.3.2.3. Access rights transmission +2.3.3. INTERNET domain +2.3.3.1. Socket types and protocols +2.3.3.2. Socket naming +2.3.3.3. Access rights transmission +2.3.3.4. Raw access +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB2.4. Terminals and devices\fP +2.4.1. Terminals +2.4.1.1. Terminal input +2.4.1.1.1 Input modes +2.4.1.1.2 Interrupt characters +2.4.1.1.3 Line editing +2.4.1.2. Terminal output +2.4.1.3. Terminal control operations +2.4.1.4. Terminal hardware support +2.4.2. Structured devices +2.4.3. Unstructured devices +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fB2.5. Process control and debugging\fP +.LP +.if t .sp .5v +.nf +\fBI. Summary of facilities\fP +.LP +.de sh +.ds RH \\$1 +.bp +.NH \\*(ss +\s+2\\$1\s0 +.PP +.PP +.. +.bp +.ds ss 1 +.de _d +.if t .ta .6i 2.1i 2.6i +.\" 2.94 went to 2.6, 3.64 to 3.30 +.if n .ta .84i 2.6i 3.30i +.. +.de _f +.if t .ta .5i 1.25i 2.5i 3.5i +.\" 3.5i went to 3.8i +.if n .ta .7i 1.75i 3.8i 4.8i +.. +.nr H1 -1 +.sh "Notation and types +.PP +The notation used to describe system calls is a variant of a +C language call, consisting of a prototype call followed by +declaration of parameters and results. +An additional keyword \fBresult\fP, not part of the normal C language, +is used to indicate which of the declared entities receive results. +As an example, consider the \fIread\fP call, as described in +section 2.1: +.DS +cc = read(fd, buf, nbytes); +result int cc; int fd; result char *buf; int nbytes; +.DE +The first line shows how the \fIread\fP routine is called, with +three parameters. +As shown on the second line \fIcc\fP is an integer and \fIread\fP also +returns information in the parameter \fIbuf\fP. +.PP +Description of all error conditions arising from each system call +is not provided here; they appear in the programmer's manual. +In particular, when accessed from the C language, +many calls return a characteristic \-1 value +when an error occurs, returning the error code in the global variable +\fIerrno\fP. +Other languages may present errors in different ways. +.PP +A number of system standard types are defined in the include file +.I <sys/types.h> +and used in the specifications here and in many C programs. +These include \fBcaddr_t\fP giving a memory address (typically as +a character pointer), +\fBoff_t\fP giving a file offset (typically as a long integer), +and a set of unsigned types \fBu_char\fP, \fBu_short\fP, \fBu_int\fP +and \fBu_long\fP, shorthand names for \fBunsigned char\fP, \fBunsigned +short\fP, etc. |