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+.\" Copyright (c) 1984 M. K. McKusick
+.\" Copyright (c) 1984 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.ds RH Conclusions
+.NH 1
+Conclusions
+.PP
+We have created a profiler that aids in the evaluation
+of the kernel.
+For each routine in the kernel,
+the profile shows the extent to which that routine
+helps support various abstractions,
+and how that routine uses other abstractions.
+The profile assesses the cost of routines
+at all levels of the kernel decomposition.
+The profiler is easily used,
+and can be compiled into the kernel.
+It adds only five to thirty percent execution overhead to the kernel
+being profiled,
+produces no additional output while the kernel is running
+and allows the kernel to be measured in its real environment.
+Kernel profiles can be used to identify bottlenecks in performance.
+We have shown how to improve performance 
+by caching recently calculated name translations.
+The combined caches added to the name translation process
+reduce the average cost of translating a pathname to an inode by 35%.
+These changes reduce the percentage of time spent running
+in the system by nearly 9%.
+.nr H2 1
+.ds RH Acknowledgements
+.NH
+\s+2Acknowledgements\s0
+.PP
+I would like to thank Robert Elz for sharing his ideas and 
+his code for cacheing system wide names.
+Thanks also to all the users at Berkeley who provided all the
+input to generate the kernel profiles.
+This work was supported by
+the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under
+Arpa Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under
+Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235.
+.ds RH References
+.nr H2 1
+.sp 2
+.NH
+\s+2References\s-2
+.LP
+.IP [Bentley81] 20
+Bentley, J. L.,
+``Writing Efficient Code'',
+Department of Computer Science,
+Carnegie-Mellon University,
+Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
+CMU-CS-81-116, 1981.
+.IP [Graham82] 20
+Graham, S., Kessler, P., McKusick, M.,
+``gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler'',
+Proceedings of the SIGPLAN '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction,
+Volume 17, Number 6, June 1982. pp 120-126
+.IP [Graham83] 20
+Graham, S., Kessler, P., McKusick, M.,
+``An Execution Profiler for Modular Programs''
+Software - Practice and Experience,
+Volume 13, 1983. pp 671-685
+.IP [Ritchie74] 20
+Ritchie, D. M. and Thompson, K.,
+``The UNIX Time-Sharing System'',
+CACM 17, 7. July 1974. pp 365-375