Implement parallel mounting for ZFS filesystem

It was first implemented on Illumos and then ported to ZoL.
This patch is a port to FreeBSD of the ZoL version.
This patch also includes a fix for a race condition that was amended

With such patch Delphix has seen a huge decrease in latency of the mount phase
(https://github.com/openzfs/openzfs/commit/a3f0e2b569 for details).
With that current change Gandi has measured improvments that are on par with
those reported by Delphix.

Zol commits incorporated:
https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/commit/a10d50f999511d304f910852c7825c70c9c9e303
https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs/commit/e63ac16d25fbe991a356489c86d4077567dfea21

Reviewed by:	avg, sef
Approved by:	avg, sef
Obtained from:	ZoL
MFC after:	1 month
Relnotes:	yes
Sponsored by:	Gandi.net
Differential Revision:	https://reviews.freebsd.org/D19098

5 files changed, 464 insertions, 130 deletions

diff --git a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/cmd/zfs/zfs_main.c b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/cmd/zfs/zfs_main.c
index bbf2d4ba262b..89f2bdcb2d21 100644
--- a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/cmd/zfs/zfs_main.c
+++ b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/cmd/zfs/zfs_main.c
@@ -5812,7 +5812,12 @@ zfs_do_holds(int argc, char **argv)
 
 #define	CHECK_SPINNER 30
 #define	SPINNER_TIME 3		/* seconds */
-#define	MOUNT_TIME 5		/* seconds */
+#define	MOUNT_TIME 1		/* seconds */
+
+typedef struct get_all_state {
+	boolean_t	ga_verbose;
+	get_all_cb_t	*ga_cbp;
+} get_all_state_t;
 
 static int
 get_one_dataset(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *data)
@@ -5821,10 +5826,10 @@ get_one_dataset(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *data)
 	static int spinval = 0;
 	static int spincheck = 0;
 	static time_t last_spin_time = (time_t)0;
-	get_all_cb_t *cbp = data;
+	get_all_state_t *state = data;
 	zfs_type_t type = zfs_get_type(zhp);
 
-	if (cbp->cb_verbose) {
+	if (state->ga_verbose) {
 		if (--spincheck < 0) {
 			time_t now = time(NULL);
 			if (last_spin_time + SPINNER_TIME < now) {
@@ -5850,25 +5855,23 @@ get_one_dataset(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *data)
 		zfs_close(zhp);
 		return (0);
 	}
-	libzfs_add_handle(cbp, zhp);
-	assert(cbp->cb_used <= cbp->cb_alloc);
+	libzfs_add_handle(state->ga_cbp, zhp);
+	assert(state->ga_cbp->cb_used <= state->ga_cbp->cb_alloc);
 
 	return (0);
 }
 
 static void
-get_all_datasets(zfs_handle_t ***dslist, size_t *count, boolean_t verbose)
+get_all_datasets(get_all_cb_t *cbp, boolean_t verbose)
 {
-	get_all_cb_t cb = { 0 };
-	cb.cb_verbose = verbose;
-	cb.cb_getone = get_one_dataset;
+	get_all_state_t state = {
+		.ga_verbose = verbose,
+		.ga_cbp = cbp
+	};
 
 	if (verbose)
 		set_progress_header(gettext("Reading ZFS config"));
-	(void) zfs_iter_root(g_zfs, get_one_dataset, &cb);
-
-	*dslist = cb.cb_handles;
-	*count = cb.cb_used;
+	(void) zfs_iter_root(g_zfs, get_one_dataset, &state);
 
 	if (verbose)
 		finish_progress(gettext("done."));
@@ -5879,8 +5882,19 @@ get_all_datasets(zfs_handle_t ***dslist, size_t *count, boolean_t verbose)
  * similar, we have a common function with an extra parameter to determine which
  * mode we are using.
  */
-#define	OP_SHARE	0x1
-#define	OP_MOUNT	0x2
+typedef enum { OP_SHARE, OP_MOUNT } share_mount_op_t;
+
+typedef struct share_mount_state {
+	share_mount_op_t	sm_op;
+	boolean_t	sm_verbose;
+	int	sm_flags;
+	char	*sm_options;
+	char	*sm_proto; /* only valid for OP_SHARE */
+	pthread_mutex_t	sm_lock; /* protects the remaining fields */
+	uint_t	sm_total; /* number of filesystems to process */
+	uint_t	sm_done; /* number of filesystems processed */
+	int	sm_status; /* -1 if any of the share/mount operations failed */
+} share_mount_state_t;
 
 /*
  * Share or mount a dataset.
@@ -6122,6 +6136,29 @@ report_mount_progress(int current, int total)
 		update_progress(info);
 }
 
+/*
+ * zfs_foreach_mountpoint() callback that mounts or shares on filesystem and
+ * updates the progress meter
+ */
+static int
+share_mount_one_cb(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *arg)
+{
+	share_mount_state_t *sms = arg;
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = share_mount_one(zhp, sms->sm_op, sms->sm_flags, sms->sm_proto,
+	    B_FALSE, sms->sm_options);
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&sms->sm_lock);
+	if (ret != 0)
+		sms->sm_status = ret;
+	sms->sm_done++;
+	if (sms->sm_verbose)
+		report_mount_progress(sms->sm_done, sms->sm_total);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&sms->sm_lock);
+	return (ret);
+}
+
 static void
 append_options(char *mntopts, char *newopts)
 {
@@ -6194,8 +6231,6 @@ share_mount(int op, int argc, char **argv)
 
 	/* check number of arguments */
 	if (do_all) {
-		zfs_handle_t **dslist = NULL;
-		size_t i, count = 0;
 		char *protocol = NULL;
 
 		if (op == OP_SHARE && argc > 0) {
@@ -6216,35 +6251,48 @@ share_mount(int op, int argc, char **argv)
 		}
 
 		start_progress_timer();
-		get_all_datasets(&dslist, &count, verbose);
+		get_all_cb_t cb = { 0 };
+		get_all_datasets(&cb, verbose);
 
-		if (count == 0)
+		if (cb.cb_used == 0) {
+			if (options != NULL)
+				free(options);
 			return (0);
+		}
 
-		qsort(dslist, count, sizeof (void *), libzfs_dataset_cmp);
 #ifdef illumos
-		sa_init_selective_arg_t sharearg;
-		sharearg.zhandle_arr = dslist;
-		sharearg.zhandle_len = count;
-		if ((ret = zfs_init_libshare_arg(zfs_get_handle(dslist[0]),
-		    SA_INIT_SHARE_API_SELECTIVE, &sharearg)) != SA_OK) {
-			(void) fprintf(stderr,
-			    gettext("Could not initialize libshare, %d"), ret);
-			return (ret);
+		if (op == OP_SHARE) {
+			sa_init_selective_arg_t sharearg;
+			sharearg.zhandle_arr = cb.cb_handles;
+			sharearg.zhandle_len = cb.cb_used;
+			if ((ret = zfs_init_libshare_arg(g_zfs,
+			    SA_INIT_SHARE_API_SELECTIVE, &sharearg)) != SA_OK) {
+				(void) fprintf(stderr, gettext(
+				    "Could not initialize libshare, %d"), ret);
+				return (ret);
+			}
 		}
 #endif
+		share_mount_state_t share_mount_state = { 0 };
+		share_mount_state.sm_op = op;
+		share_mount_state.sm_verbose = verbose;
+		share_mount_state.sm_flags = flags;
+		share_mount_state.sm_options = options;
+		share_mount_state.sm_proto = protocol;
+		share_mount_state.sm_total = cb.cb_used;
+		pthread_mutex_init(&share_mount_state.sm_lock, NULL);
 
-		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-			if (verbose)
-				report_mount_progress(i, count);
-
-			if (share_mount_one(dslist[i], op, flags, protocol,
-			    B_FALSE, options) != 0)
-				ret = 1;
-			zfs_close(dslist[i]);
-		}
+		/*
+		 * libshare isn't mt-safe, so only do the operation in parallel
+		 * if we're mounting.
+		 */
+		zfs_foreach_mountpoint(g_zfs, cb.cb_handles, cb.cb_used,
+		    share_mount_one_cb, &share_mount_state, op == OP_MOUNT);
+		ret = share_mount_state.sm_status;
 
-		free(dslist);
+		for (int i = 0; i < cb.cb_used; i++)
+			zfs_close(cb.cb_handles[i]);
+		free(cb.cb_handles);
 	} else if (argc == 0) {
 		struct mnttab entry;
 
diff --git a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs.h b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs.h
index 4f8a68e4d296..337fd97f8bd3 100644
--- a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs.h
+++ b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs.h
@@ -579,12 +579,12 @@ typedef struct get_all_cb {
 	zfs_handle_t	**cb_handles;
 	size_t		cb_alloc;
 	size_t		cb_used;
-	boolean_t	cb_verbose;
-	int		(*cb_getone)(zfs_handle_t *, void *);
 } get_all_cb_t;
 
+void zfs_foreach_mountpoint(libzfs_handle_t *, zfs_handle_t **, size_t,
+    zfs_iter_f, void*, boolean_t);
+
 void libzfs_add_handle(get_all_cb_t *, zfs_handle_t *);
-int libzfs_dataset_cmp(const void *, const void *);
 
 /*
  * Functions to create and destroy datasets.
diff --git a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_dataset.c b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_dataset.c
index fbcc14bcc8fe..fcef8bf16f16 100644
--- a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_dataset.c
+++ b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_dataset.c
@@ -799,6 +799,7 @@ libzfs_mnttab_cache_compare(const void *arg1, const void *arg2)
 void
 libzfs_mnttab_init(libzfs_handle_t *hdl)
 {
+	pthread_mutex_init(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock, NULL);
 	assert(avl_numnodes(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache) == 0);
 	avl_create(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache, libzfs_mnttab_cache_compare,
 	    sizeof (mnttab_node_t), offsetof(mnttab_node_t, mtn_node));
@@ -839,6 +840,7 @@ libzfs_mnttab_fini(libzfs_handle_t *hdl)
 		free(mtn);
 	}
 	avl_destroy(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache);
+	(void) pthread_mutex_destroy(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
 }
 
 void
@@ -853,6 +855,7 @@ libzfs_mnttab_find(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname,
 {
 	mnttab_node_t find;
 	mnttab_node_t *mtn;
+	int ret = ENOENT;
 
 	if (!hdl->libzfs_mnttab_enable) {
 		struct mnttab srch = { 0 };
@@ -868,6 +871,7 @@ libzfs_mnttab_find(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname,
 			return (ENOENT);
 	}
 
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
 	if (avl_numnodes(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache) == 0)
 		libzfs_mnttab_update(hdl);
 
@@ -875,9 +879,10 @@ libzfs_mnttab_find(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname,
 	mtn = avl_find(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache, &find, NULL);
 	if (mtn) {
 		*entry = mtn->mtn_mt;
-		return (0);
+		ret = 0;
 	}
-	return (ENOENT);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
+	return (ret);
 }
 
 void
@@ -886,15 +891,17 @@ libzfs_mnttab_add(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *special,
 {
 	mnttab_node_t *mtn;
 
-	if (avl_numnodes(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache) == 0)
-		return;
-	mtn = zfs_alloc(hdl, sizeof (mnttab_node_t));
-	mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_special = zfs_strdup(hdl, special);
-	mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_mountp = zfs_strdup(hdl, mountp);
-	mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_fstype = zfs_strdup(hdl, MNTTYPE_ZFS);
-	mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_mntopts = zfs_strdup(hdl, mntopts);
-	avl_add(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache, mtn);
-}
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
+	if (avl_numnodes(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache) == 0) {
+		mtn = zfs_alloc(hdl, sizeof (mnttab_node_t));
+		mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_special = zfs_strdup(hdl, special);
+		mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_mountp = zfs_strdup(hdl, mountp);
+		mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_fstype = zfs_strdup(hdl, MNTTYPE_ZFS);
+		mtn->mtn_mt.mnt_mntopts = zfs_strdup(hdl, mntopts);
+		avl_add(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache, mtn);
+	}
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
+}		
 
 void
 libzfs_mnttab_remove(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname)
@@ -902,6 +909,7 @@ libzfs_mnttab_remove(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname)
 	mnttab_node_t find;
 	mnttab_node_t *ret;
 
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
 	find.mtn_mt.mnt_special = (char *)fsname;
 	if ((ret = avl_find(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache, (void *)&find, NULL))
 	    != NULL) {
@@ -912,6 +920,7 @@ libzfs_mnttab_remove(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, const char *fsname)
 		free(ret->mtn_mt.mnt_mntopts);
 		free(ret);
 	}
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&hdl->libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock);
 }
 
 int
diff --git a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_impl.h b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_impl.h
index bdb9ffeadf75..0f66ac0aeadb 100644
--- a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_impl.h
+++ b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_impl.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2011 Pawel Jakub Dawidek. All rights reserved.
- * Copyright (c) 2011, 2016 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, 2017 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
  * Copyright (c) 2013 Martin Matuska <mm@FreeBSD.org>. All rights reserved.
  */
 
@@ -73,6 +73,13 @@ struct libzfs_handle {
 	int libzfs_storeerr; /* stuff error messages into buffer */
 	void *libzfs_sharehdl; /* libshare handle */
 	boolean_t libzfs_mnttab_enable;
+	/*
+	 * We need a lock to handle the case where parallel mount
+	 * threads are populating the mnttab cache simultaneously. The
+	 * lock only protects the integrity of the avl tree, and does
+	 * not protect the contents of the mnttab entries themselves.
+	 */
+	pthread_mutex_t libzfs_mnttab_cache_lock;
 	avl_tree_t libzfs_mnttab_cache;
 	int libzfs_pool_iter;
 	libzfs_fru_t **libzfs_fru_hash;
diff --git a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_mount.c b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_mount.c
index d8723d37d385..27d98ba4fe12 100644
--- a/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_mount.c
+++ b/cddl/contrib/opensolaris/lib/libzfs/common/libzfs_mount.c
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
  * Copyright 2016 Igor Kozhukhov <ikozhukhov@gmail.com>
  * Copyright 2017 Joyent, Inc.
  * Copyright 2017 RackTop Systems.
+ * Copyright 2018 OmniOS Community Edition (OmniOSce) Association.
  */
 
 /*
@@ -34,25 +35,25 @@
  * they are used by mount and unmount and when changing a filesystem's
  * mountpoint.
  *
- * 	zfs_is_mounted()
- * 	zfs_mount()
- * 	zfs_unmount()
- * 	zfs_unmountall()
+ *	zfs_is_mounted()
+ *	zfs_mount()
+ *	zfs_unmount()
+ *	zfs_unmountall()
  *
  * This file also contains the functions used to manage sharing filesystems via
  * NFS and iSCSI:
  *
- * 	zfs_is_shared()
- * 	zfs_share()
- * 	zfs_unshare()
+ *	zfs_is_shared()
+ *	zfs_share()
+ *	zfs_unshare()
  *
- * 	zfs_is_shared_nfs()
- * 	zfs_is_shared_smb()
- * 	zfs_share_proto()
- * 	zfs_shareall();
- * 	zfs_unshare_nfs()
- * 	zfs_unshare_smb()
- * 	zfs_unshareall_nfs()
+ *	zfs_is_shared_nfs()
+ *	zfs_is_shared_smb()
+ *	zfs_share_proto()
+ *	zfs_shareall();
+ *	zfs_unshare_nfs()
+ *	zfs_unshare_smb()
+ *	zfs_unshareall_nfs()
  *	zfs_unshareall_smb()
  *	zfs_unshareall()
  *	zfs_unshareall_bypath()
@@ -60,8 +61,8 @@
  * The following functions are available for pool consumers, and will
  * mount/unmount and share/unshare all datasets within pool:
  *
- * 	zpool_enable_datasets()
- * 	zpool_disable_datasets()
+ *	zpool_enable_datasets()
+ *	zpool_disable_datasets()
  */
 
 #include <dirent.h>
@@ -83,10 +84,14 @@
 #include <libzfs.h>
 
 #include "libzfs_impl.h"
+#include <thread_pool.h>
 
 #include <libshare.h>
 #define	MAXISALEN	257	/* based on sysinfo(2) man page */
 
+static int mount_tp_nthr = 512; /* tpool threads for multi-threaded mounting */
+
+static void zfs_mount_task(void *);
 static int zfs_share_proto(zfs_handle_t *, zfs_share_proto_t *);
 zfs_share_type_t zfs_is_shared_proto(zfs_handle_t *, char **,
     zfs_share_proto_t);
@@ -1134,25 +1139,32 @@ remove_mountpoint(zfs_handle_t *zhp)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * Add the given zfs handle to the cb_handles array, dynamically reallocating
+ * the array if it is out of space
+ */
 void
 libzfs_add_handle(get_all_cb_t *cbp, zfs_handle_t *zhp)
 {
 	if (cbp->cb_alloc == cbp->cb_used) {
 		size_t newsz;
-		void *ptr;
+		zfs_handle_t **newhandles;
 
-		newsz = cbp->cb_alloc ? cbp->cb_alloc * 2 : 64;
-		ptr = zfs_realloc(zhp->zfs_hdl,
-		    cbp->cb_handles, cbp->cb_alloc * sizeof (void *),
-		    newsz * sizeof (void *));
-		cbp->cb_handles = ptr;
+		newsz = cbp->cb_alloc != 0 ? cbp->cb_alloc * 2 : 64;
+		newhandles = zfs_realloc(zhp->zfs_hdl,
+		    cbp->cb_handles, cbp->cb_alloc * sizeof (zfs_handle_t *),
+		    newsz * sizeof (zfs_handle_t *));
+		cbp->cb_handles = newhandles;
 		cbp->cb_alloc = newsz;
 	}
 	cbp->cb_handles[cbp->cb_used++] = zhp;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Recursive helper function used during file system enumeration
+ */
 static int
-mount_cb(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *data)
+zfs_iter_cb(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *data)
 {
 	get_all_cb_t *cbp = data;
 
@@ -1178,104 +1190,362 @@ mount_cb(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *data)
 	}
 
 	libzfs_add_handle(cbp, zhp);
-	if (zfs_iter_filesystems(zhp, mount_cb, cbp) != 0) {
+	if (zfs_iter_filesystems(zhp, zfs_iter_cb, cbp) != 0) {
 		zfs_close(zhp);
 		return (-1);
 	}
 	return (0);
 }
 
-int
-libzfs_dataset_cmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+/*
+ * Sort comparator that compares two mountpoint paths. We sort these paths so
+ * that subdirectories immediately follow their parents. This means that we
+ * effectively treat the '/' character as the lowest value non-nul char.
+ * Since filesystems from non-global zones can have the same mountpoint
+ * as other filesystems, the comparator sorts global zone filesystems to
+ * the top of the list. This means that the global zone will traverse the
+ * filesystem list in the correct order and can stop when it sees the
+ * first zoned filesystem. In a non-global zone, only the delegated
+ * filesystems are seen.
+ *
+ * An example sorted list using this comparator would look like:
+ *
+ * /foo
+ * /foo/bar
+ * /foo/bar/baz
+ * /foo/baz
+ * /foo.bar
+ * /foo (NGZ1)
+ * /foo (NGZ2)
+ *
+ * The mount code depend on this ordering to deterministically iterate
+ * over filesystems in order to spawn parallel mount tasks.
+ */
+static int
+mountpoint_cmp(const void *arga, const void *argb)
 {
-	zfs_handle_t **za = (zfs_handle_t **)a;
-	zfs_handle_t **zb = (zfs_handle_t **)b;
+	zfs_handle_t *const *zap = arga;
+	zfs_handle_t *za = *zap;
+	zfs_handle_t *const *zbp = argb;
+	zfs_handle_t *zb = *zbp;
 	char mounta[MAXPATHLEN];
 	char mountb[MAXPATHLEN];
+	const char *a = mounta;
+	const char *b = mountb;
 	boolean_t gota, gotb;
+	uint64_t zoneda, zonedb;
 
-	if ((gota = (zfs_get_type(*za) == ZFS_TYPE_FILESYSTEM)) != 0)
-		verify(zfs_prop_get(*za, ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, mounta,
+	zoneda = zfs_prop_get_int(za, ZFS_PROP_ZONED);
+	zonedb = zfs_prop_get_int(zb, ZFS_PROP_ZONED);
+	if (zoneda && !zonedb)
+		return (1);
+	if (!zoneda && zonedb)
+		return (-1);
+	gota = (zfs_get_type(za) == ZFS_TYPE_FILESYSTEM);
+	if (gota)
+		verify(zfs_prop_get(za, ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, mounta,
 		    sizeof (mounta), NULL, NULL, 0, B_FALSE) == 0);
-	if ((gotb = (zfs_get_type(*zb) == ZFS_TYPE_FILESYSTEM)) != 0)
-		verify(zfs_prop_get(*zb, ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, mountb,
+	gotb = (zfs_get_type(zb) == ZFS_TYPE_FILESYSTEM);
+	if (gotb)
+		verify(zfs_prop_get(zb, ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, mountb,
 		    sizeof (mountb), NULL, NULL, 0, B_FALSE) == 0);
 
-	if (gota && gotb)
-		return (strcmp(mounta, mountb));
+	if (gota && gotb) {
+		while (*a != '\0' && (*a == *b)) {
+			a++;
+			b++;
+		}
+		if (*a == *b)
+			return (0);
+		if (*a == '\0')
+			return (-1);
+		if (*b == '\0')
+			return (-1);
+		if (*a == '/')
+			return (-1);
+		if (*b == '/')
+			return (-1);
+		return (*a < *b ? -1 : *a > *b);
+	}
 
 	if (gota)
 		return (-1);
 	if (gotb)
 		return (1);
 
-	return (strcmp(zfs_get_name(a), zfs_get_name(b)));
+	/*
+	 * If neither filesystem has a mountpoint, revert to sorting by
+	 * datset name.
+	 */
+	return (strcmp(zfs_get_name(za), zfs_get_name(zb)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reutrn true if path2 is a child of path1
+ */
+static boolean_t
+libzfs_path_contains(const char *path1, const char *path2)
+{
+	return (strstr(path2, path1) == path2 && path2[strlen(path1)] == '/');
+}
+
+
+static int
+non_descendant_idx(zfs_handle_t **handles, size_t num_handles, int idx)
+{
+	char parent[ZFS_MAXPROPLEN];
+	char child[ZFS_MAXPROPLEN];
+	int i;
+
+	verify(zfs_prop_get(handles[idx], ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, parent,
+	    sizeof (parent), NULL, NULL, 0, B_FALSE) == 0);
+
+	for (i = idx + 1; i < num_handles; i++) {
+		verify(zfs_prop_get(handles[i], ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, child,
+		    sizeof (child), NULL, NULL, 0, B_FALSE) == 0);
+		if (!libzfs_path_contains(parent, child))
+			break;
+	}
+	return (i);
+}
+
+typedef struct mnt_param {
+	libzfs_handle_t	*mnt_hdl;
+	tpool_t		*mnt_tp;
+	zfs_handle_t	**mnt_zhps; /* filesystems to mount */
+	size_t		mnt_num_handles;
+	int		mnt_idx;	/* Index of selected entry to mount */
+	zfs_iter_f	mnt_func;
+	void		*mnt_data;
+} mnt_param_t;
+
+/*
+ * Allocate and populate the parameter struct for mount function, and
+ * schedule mounting of the entry selected by idx.
+ */
+static void
+zfs_dispatch_mount(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, zfs_handle_t **handles,
+    size_t num_handles, int idx, zfs_iter_f func, void *data, tpool_t *tp)
+{
+	mnt_param_t *mnt_param = zfs_alloc(hdl, sizeof (mnt_param_t));
+
+	mnt_param->mnt_hdl = hdl;
+	mnt_param->mnt_tp = tp;
+	mnt_param->mnt_zhps = handles;
+	mnt_param->mnt_num_handles = num_handles;
+	mnt_param->mnt_idx = idx;
+	mnt_param->mnt_func = func;
+	mnt_param->mnt_data = data;
+
+	(void) tpool_dispatch(tp, zfs_mount_task, (void*)mnt_param);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is the structure used to keep state of mounting or sharing operations
+ * during a call to zpool_enable_datasets().
+ */
+typedef struct mount_state {
+	/*
+	 * ms_mntstatus is set to -1 if any mount fails. While multiple threads
+	 * could update this variable concurrently, no synchronization is
+	 * needed as it's only ever set to -1.
+	 */
+	int		ms_mntstatus;
+	int		ms_mntflags;
+	const char	*ms_mntopts;
+} mount_state_t;
+
+static int
+zfs_mount_one(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *arg)
+{
+	mount_state_t *ms = arg;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (zfs_mount(zhp, ms->ms_mntopts, ms->ms_mntflags) != 0)
+		ret = ms->ms_mntstatus = -1;
+	return (ret);
+}
+
+static int
+zfs_share_one(zfs_handle_t *zhp, void *arg)
+{
+	mount_state_t *ms = arg;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (zfs_share(zhp) != 0)
+		ret = ms->ms_mntstatus = -1;
+	return (ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Thread pool function to mount one file system. On completion, it finds and
+ * schedules its children to be mounted. This depends on the sorting done in
+ * zfs_foreach_mountpoint(). Note that the degenerate case (chain of entries
+ * each descending from the previous) will have no parallelism since we always
+ * have to wait for the parent to finish mounting before we can schedule
+ * its children.
+ */
+static void
+zfs_mount_task(void *arg)
+{
+	mnt_param_t *mp = arg;
+	int idx = mp->mnt_idx;
+	zfs_handle_t **handles = mp->mnt_zhps;
+	size_t num_handles = mp->mnt_num_handles;
+	char mountpoint[ZFS_MAXPROPLEN];
+
+	verify(zfs_prop_get(handles[idx], ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT, mountpoint,
+	    sizeof (mountpoint), NULL, NULL, 0, B_FALSE) == 0);
+
+	if (mp->mnt_func(handles[idx], mp->mnt_data) != 0)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * We dispatch tasks to mount filesystems with mountpoints underneath
+	 * this one. We do this by dispatching the next filesystem with a
+	 * descendant mountpoint of the one we just mounted, then skip all of
+	 * its descendants, dispatch the next descendant mountpoint, and so on.
+	 * The non_descendant_idx() function skips over filesystems that are
+	 * descendants of the filesystem we just dispatched.
+	 */
+	for (int i = idx + 1; i < num_handles;
+	    i = non_descendant_idx(handles, num_handles, i)) {
+		char child[ZFS_MAXPROPLEN];
+		verify(zfs_prop_get(handles[i], ZFS_PROP_MOUNTPOINT,
+		    child, sizeof (child), NULL, NULL, 0, B_FALSE) == 0);
+
+		if (!libzfs_path_contains(mountpoint, child))
+			break; /* not a descendant, return */
+		zfs_dispatch_mount(mp->mnt_hdl, handles, num_handles, i,
+		    mp->mnt_func, mp->mnt_data, mp->mnt_tp);
+	}
+	free(mp);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Issue the func callback for each ZFS handle contained in the handles
+ * array. This function is used to mount all datasets, and so this function
+ * guarantees that filesystems for parent mountpoints are called before their
+ * children. As such, before issuing any callbacks, we first sort the array
+ * of handles by mountpoint.
+ *
+ * Callbacks are issued in one of two ways:
+ *
+ * 1. Sequentially: If the parallel argument is B_FALSE or the ZFS_SERIAL_MOUNT
+ *    environment variable is set, then we issue callbacks sequentially.
+ *
+ * 2. In parallel: If the parallel argument is B_TRUE and the ZFS_SERIAL_MOUNT
+ *    environment variable is not set, then we use a tpool to dispatch threads
+ *    to mount filesystems in parallel. This function dispatches tasks to mount
+ *    the filesystems at the top-level mountpoints, and these tasks in turn
+ *    are responsible for recursively mounting filesystems in their children
+ *    mountpoints.
+ */
+void
+zfs_foreach_mountpoint(libzfs_handle_t *hdl, zfs_handle_t **handles,
+    size_t num_handles, zfs_iter_f func, void *data, boolean_t parallel)
+{
+	zoneid_t zoneid = getzoneid();
+
+	/*
+	 * The ZFS_SERIAL_MOUNT environment variable is an undocumented
+	 * variable that can be used as a convenience to do a/b comparison
+	 * of serial vs. parallel mounting.
+	 */
+	boolean_t serial_mount = !parallel ||
+	    (getenv("ZFS_SERIAL_MOUNT") != NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * Sort the datasets by mountpoint. See mountpoint_cmp for details
+	 * of how these are sorted.
+	 */
+	qsort(handles, num_handles, sizeof (zfs_handle_t *), mountpoint_cmp);
+
+	if (serial_mount) {
+		for (int i = 0; i < num_handles; i++) {
+			func(handles[i], data);
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Issue the callback function for each dataset using a parallel
+	 * algorithm that uses a thread pool to manage threads.
+	 */
+	tpool_t *tp = tpool_create(1, mount_tp_nthr, 0, NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * There may be multiple "top level" mountpoints outside of the pool's
+	 * root mountpoint, e.g.: /foo /bar. Dispatch a mount task for each of
+	 * these.
+	 */
+	for (int i = 0; i < num_handles;
+	    i = non_descendant_idx(handles, num_handles, i)) {
+		/*
+		 * Since the mountpoints have been sorted so that the zoned
+		 * filesystems are at the end, a zoned filesystem seen from
+		 * the global zone means that we're done.
+		 */
+		if (zoneid == GLOBAL_ZONEID &&
+		    zfs_prop_get_int(handles[i], ZFS_PROP_ZONED))
+			break;
+		zfs_dispatch_mount(hdl, handles, num_handles, i, func, data,
+		    tp);
+	}
+
+	tpool_wait(tp);	/* wait for all scheduled mounts to complete */
+	tpool_destroy(tp);
 }
 
 /*
  * Mount and share all datasets within the given pool.  This assumes that no
- * datasets within the pool are currently mounted.  Because users can create
- * complicated nested hierarchies of mountpoints, we first gather all the
- * datasets and mountpoints within the pool, and sort them by mountpoint.  Once
- * we have the list of all filesystems, we iterate over them in order and mount
- * and/or share each one.
+ * datasets within the pool are currently mounted.
  */
 #pragma weak zpool_mount_datasets = zpool_enable_datasets
 int
 zpool_enable_datasets(zpool_handle_t *zhp, const char *mntopts, int flags)
 {
 	get_all_cb_t cb = { 0 };
-	libzfs_handle_t *hdl = zhp->zpool_hdl;
+	mount_state_t ms = { 0 };
 	zfs_handle_t *zfsp;
-	int i, ret = -1;
-	int *good;
+	int ret = 0;
 
-	/*
-	 * Gather all non-snap datasets within the pool.
-	 */
-	if ((zfsp = zfs_open(hdl, zhp->zpool_name, ZFS_TYPE_DATASET)) == NULL)
+	if ((zfsp = zfs_open(zhp->zpool_hdl, zhp->zpool_name,
+	    ZFS_TYPE_DATASET)) == NULL)
 		goto out;
 
-	libzfs_add_handle(&cb, zfsp);
-	if (zfs_iter_filesystems(zfsp, mount_cb, &cb) != 0)
-		goto out;
 	/*
-	 * Sort the datasets by mountpoint.
+	 * Gather all non-snapshot datasets within the pool. Start by adding
+	 * the root filesystem for this pool to the list, and then iterate
+	 * over all child filesystems.
 	 */
-	qsort(cb.cb_handles, cb.cb_used, sizeof (void *),
-	    libzfs_dataset_cmp);
+	libzfs_add_handle(&cb, zfsp);
+	if (zfs_iter_filesystems(zfsp, zfs_iter_cb, &cb) != 0)
+		goto out;
 
 	/*
-	 * And mount all the datasets, keeping track of which ones
-	 * succeeded or failed.
+	 * Mount all filesystems
 	 */
-	if ((good = zfs_alloc(zhp->zpool_hdl,
-	    cb.cb_used * sizeof (int))) == NULL)
-		goto out;
-
-	ret = 0;
-	for (i = 0; i < cb.cb_used; i++) {
-		if (zfs_mount(cb.cb_handles[i], mntopts, flags) != 0)
-			ret = -1;
-		else
-			good[i] = 1;
-	}
+	ms.ms_mntopts = mntopts;
+	ms.ms_mntflags = flags;
+	zfs_foreach_mountpoint(zhp->zpool_hdl, cb.cb_handles, cb.cb_used,
+	    zfs_mount_one, &ms, B_TRUE);
+	if (ms.ms_mntstatus != 0)
+		ret = ms.ms_mntstatus;
 
 	/*
-	 * Then share all the ones that need to be shared. This needs
-	 * to be a separate pass in order to avoid excessive reloading
-	 * of the configuration. Good should never be NULL since
-	 * zfs_alloc is supposed to exit if memory isn't available.
+	 * Share all filesystems that need to be shared. This needs to be
+	 * a separate pass because libshare is not mt-safe, and so we need
+	 * to share serially.
 	 */
-	for (i = 0; i < cb.cb_used; i++) {
-		if (good[i] && zfs_share(cb.cb_handles[i]) != 0)
-			ret = -1;
-	}
-
-	free(good);
+	ms.ms_mntstatus = 0;
+	zfs_foreach_mountpoint(zhp->zpool_hdl, cb.cb_handles, cb.cb_used,
+	    zfs_share_one, &ms, B_FALSE);
+	if (ms.ms_mntstatus != 0)
+		ret = ms.ms_mntstatus;
 
 out:
-	for (i = 0; i < cb.cb_used; i++)
+	for (int i = 0; i < cb.cb_used; i++)
 		zfs_close(cb.cb_handles[i]);
 	free(cb.cb_handles);