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All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)4.t 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/29/93 +.\" +.ds LH "Installing/Operating \*(4B +.ds CF \*(Dy +.ds RH "System setup +.Sh 1 "System setup" +.PP +This section describes procedures used to set up a \*(4B UNIX system. +These procedures are used when a system is first installed +or when the system configuration changes. Procedures for normal +system operation are described in the next section. +.Sh 2 "Kernel configuration" +.PP +This section briefly describes the layout of the kernel code and +how files for devices are made. +For a full discussion of configuring +and building system images, consult the document ``Building +4.3BSD UNIX Systems with Config'' (SMM:2). +.Sh 3 "Kernel organization" +.PP +As distributed, the kernel source is in a +separate tar image. The source may be physically +located anywhere within any filesystem so long as +a symbolic link to the location is created for the file +.Pn /sys +(many files in +.Pn /usr/include +are normally symbolic links relative to +.Pn /sys ). +In further discussions of the system source all path names +will be given relative to +.Pn /sys . +.LP +The kernel is made up of several large generic parts: +.TS +l l l. +sys main kernel header files +kern kernel functions broken down as follows + init system startup, syscall dispatching, entry points + kern scheduling, descriptor handling and generic I/O + sys process management, signals + tty terminal handling and job control + vfs filesystem management + uipc interprocess communication (sockets) + subr miscellaneous support routines +vm virtual memory management +ufs local filesystems broken down as follows + ufs common local filesystem routines + ffs fast filesystem + lfs log-based filesystem + mfs memory based filesystem +nfs Sun-compatible network filesystem +miscfs miscellaneous filesystems broken down as follows + deadfs where rejected vnodes go to die + fdesc access to per-process file descriptors + fifofs IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs + kernfs filesystem access to kernel data structures + lofs loopback filesystem + nullfs another loopback filesystem + portal associate processes with filesystem locations + specfs device special files + umapfs provide alternate uid/gid mappings +dev generic device drivers (SCSI, vnode, concatenated disk) +.TE +.LP +The networking code is organized by protocol +.TS +l l. +net routing and generic interface drivers +netinet Internet protocols (TCP, UDP, IP, etc) +netiso ISO protocols (TP-4, CLNP, CLTP, etc) +netns Xerox network systems protocols (IDP, SPP, etc) +netx25 CCITT X.25 protocols (X.25 Packet Level, HDLC/LAPB) +.TE +.LP +A separate subdirectory is provided for each machine architecture +.TS +l l. +hp300 HP 9000/300 series of Motorola 68000-based machines +hp code common to both HP 68k and (non-existent) PA-RISC ports +i386 Intel 386/486-based PC machines +luna68k Omron 68000-based workstations +news3400 Sony News MIPS-based workstations +pmax Digital 3100/5000 MIPS-based workstations +sparc Sun Microsystems SPARCstation 1, 1+, and 2 +tahoe (deprecated) CCI Power 6-series machines +vax (deprecated) Digital VAX machines +.TE +.LP +Each machine directory is subdivided by function; +for example the hp300 directory contains +.TS +l l. +include exported machine-dependent header files +hp300 machine-dependent support code and private header files +dev device drivers +conf configuration files +stand machine-dependent standalone code +.TE +.LP +Other kernel related directories +.TS +l l. +compile area to compile kernels +conf machine-independent configuration files +stand machine-independent standalone code +.TE +.Sh 3 "Devices and device drivers" +.PP +Devices supported by UNIX are implemented in the kernel +by drivers whose source is kept in +.Pn /sys/<architecture>/dev . +These drivers are loaded +into the system when included in a cpu specific configuration file +kept in the conf directory. Devices are accessed through special +files in the filesystem, made by the +.Xr mknod (8) +program and normally kept in the +.Pn /dev +directory. +For all the devices supported by the distribution system, the +files in +.Pn /dev +are created by the +.Pn /dev/MAKEDEV +shell script. +.PP +Determine the set of devices that you have and create a new +.Pn /dev +directory by running the MAKEDEV script. +First create a new directory +.Pn /newdev , +copy MAKEDEV into it, edit the file MAKEDEV.local +to provide an entry for local needs, +and run it to generate a +.Pn /newdev directory. +For instance, +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIcd /\fP +\fB#\fP \fImkdir newdev\fP +\fB#\fP \fIcp dev/MAKEDEV newdev/MAKEDEV\fP +\fB#\fP \fIcd newdev\fP +\fB#\fP \fIMAKEDEV \*(Dk0 pt0 std LOCAL\fP +.DE +Note the ``std'' argument causes standard devices such as +.Pn /dev/console , +the machine console, to be created. +.PP +You can then do +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIcd /\fP +\fB#\fP \fImv dev olddev ; mv newdev dev\fP +\fB#\fP \fIsync\fP +.DE +to install the new device directory. +.Sh 3 "Building new system images" +.PP +The kernel configuration of each UNIX system is described by +a single configuration file, stored in the +.Pn /sys/<architecture>/conf +directory. +To learn about the format of this file and the procedure used +to build system images, +start by reading ``Building 4.3BSD UNIX Systems with Config'' (SMM:2), +look at the manual pages in section 4 +of the UNIX manual for the devices you have, +and look at the sample configuration files in the +.Pn /sys/<architecture>/conf +directory. +.PP +The configured system image +.Pn kernel +should be copied to the root, and then booted to try it out. +It is best to name it +.Pn /newkernel +so as not to destroy the working system until you are sure it does work: +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIcp kernel /newkernel\fP +\fB#\fP \fIsync\fP +.DE +It is also a good idea to keep the previous system around under some other +name. In particular, we recommend that you save the generic distribution +version of the system permanently as +.Pn /genkernel +for use in emergencies. +To boot the new version of the system you should follow the +bootstrap procedures outlined in section 6.1. +After having booted and tested the new system, it should be installed as +.Pn /kernel +before going into multiuser operation. +A systematic scheme for numbering and saving old versions +of the system may be useful. +.Sh 2 "Configuring terminals" +.PP +If UNIX is to support simultaneous +access from directly-connected terminals other than the console, +the file +.Pn /etc/ttys +(see +.Xr ttys (5)) +must be edited. +.PP +To add a new terminal device, be sure the device is configured into the system +and that the special files for the device have been made by +.Pn /dev/MAKEDEV . +Then, enable the appropriate lines of +.Pn /etc/ttys +by setting the ``status'' +field to \fBon\fP (or add new lines). +Note that lines in +.Pn /etc/ttys +are one-for-one with entries in the file of current users +(see +.Pn /var/run/utmp ), +and therefore it is best to make changes +while running in single-user mode +and to add all the entries for a new device at once. +.PP +Each line in the +.Pn /etc/ttys +file is broken into four tab separated +fields (comments are shown by a `#' character and extend to +the end of the line). For each terminal line the four fields +are: +the device (without a leading +.Pn /dev ), +the program +.Pn /sbin/init +should startup to service the line +(or \fBnone\fP if the line is to be left alone), +the terminal type (found in +.Pn /usr/share/misc/termcap ), +and optional status information describing if the terminal is +enabled or not and if it is ``secure'' (i.e. the super user should +be allowed to login on the line). +If the console is marked as ``insecure'', +then the root password is required to bring the machine up single-user. +All fields are character strings +with entries requiring embedded white space enclosed in double +quotes. +Thus a newly added terminal +.Pn /dev/tty00 +could be added as +.DS +tty00 "/usr/libexec/getty std.9600" vt100 on secure # mike's office +.DE +The std.9600 parameter provided to +.Pn /usr/libexec/getty +is used in searching the file +.Pn /etc/gettytab ; +it specifies a terminal's characteristics (such as baud rate). +To make custom terminal types, consult +.Xr gettytab (5) +before modifying +.Pn /etc/gettytab . +.PP +Dialup terminals should be wired so that carrier is asserted only when the +phone line is dialed up. +For non-dialup terminals, from which modem control is not available, +you must wire back the signals so that +the carrier appears to always be present. For further details, +find your terminal driver in section 4 of the manual. +.PP +For network terminals (i.e. pseudo terminals), no program should +be started up on the lines. Thus, the normal entry in +.Pn /etc/ttys +would look like +.DS +ttyp0 none network +.DE +(Note, the fourth field is not needed here.) +.PP +When the system is running multi-user, all terminals that are listed in +.Pn /etc/ttys +as \fBon\fP have their line enabled. +If, during normal operations, you wish +to disable a terminal line, you can edit the file +.Pn /etc/ttys +to change the terminal's status to \fBoff\fP and +then send a hangup signal to the +.Xr init +process, by doing +.DS +\fB#\fP \fIkill \-1 1\fP +.DE +Terminals can similarly be enabled by changing the status field +from \fBoff\fP to \fBon\fP and sending a hangup signal to +.Xr init . +.PP +Note that if a special file is inaccessible when +.Xr init +tries to create a process for it, +.Xr init +will log a message to the +system error logging process (see +.Xr syslogd (8)) +and try to reopen the terminal every minute, reprinting the warning +message every 10 minutes. Messages of this sort are normally +printed on the console, though other actions may occur depending +on the configuration information found in +.Pn /etc/syslog.conf . +.PP +Finally note that you should change the names of any dialup +terminals to ttyd? +where ? is in [0-9a-zA-Z], as some programs use this property of the +names to determine if a terminal is a dialup. +Shell commands to do this should be put in the +.Pn /dev/MAKEDEV.local +script. +.PP +While it is possible to use truly arbitrary strings for terminal names, +the accounting and noticeably the +.Xr ps (1) +command make good use of the convention that tty names +(by default, and also after dialups are named as suggested above) +are distinct in the last 2 characters. +Change this and you may be sorry later, as the heuristic +.Xr ps (1) +uses based on these conventions will then break down and +.Xr ps +will run MUCH slower. +.Sh 2 "Adding users" +.PP +The procedure for adding a new user is described in +.Xr adduser (8). +You should add accounts for the initial user community, giving +each a directory and a password, and putting users who will wish +to share software in the same groups. +.PP +Several guest accounts have been provided on the distribution +system; these accounts are for people at Berkeley, +Bell Laboratories, and others +who have done major work on UNIX in the past. You can delete these accounts, +or leave them on the system if you expect that these people would have +occasion to login as guests on your system. +.Sh 2 "Site tailoring" +.PP +All programs that require the site's name, or some similar +characteristic, obtain the information through system calls +or from files located in +.Pn /etc . +Aside from parts of the +system related to the network, to tailor the system to your +site you must simply select a site name, then edit the file +.DS +/etc/netstart +.DE +The first lines in +.Pn /etc/netstart +use a variable to set the hostname, +.DS +hostname=\fImysitename\fP +/bin/hostname $hostname +.DE +to define the value returned by the +.Xr gethostname (2) +system call. If you are running the name server, your site +name should be your fully qualified domain name. Programs such as +.Xr getty (8), +.Xr mail (1), +.Xr wall (1), +and +.Xr uucp (1) +use this system call so that the binary images are site +independent. +.PP +You will also need to edit +.Pn /etc/netstart +to do the network interface initialization using +.Xr ifconfig (8). +If you are not sure how to do this, see sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3. +If you are not running a routing daemon and have +more than one Ethernet in your environment +you will need to set up a default route; +see section 5.4 for details. +Before bringing your system up multiuser, +you should ensure that the networking is properly configured. +The network is started by running +.Pn /etc/netstart . +Once started, you should test connectivity using +.Xr ping (8). +You should first test connectivity to yourself, +then another host on your Ethernet, +and finally a host on another Ethernet. +The +.Xr netstat (8) +program can be used to inspect and debug +your routes; see section 5.4. +.Sh 2 "Setting up the line printer system" +.PP +The line printer system consists of at least +the following files and commands: +.DS +.TS +l l. +/usr/bin/lpq spooling queue examination program +/usr/bin/lprm program to delete jobs from a queue +/usr/bin/lpr program to enter a job in a printer queue +/etc/printcap printer configuration and capability database +/usr/sbin/lpd line printer daemon, scans spooling queues +/usr/sbin/lpc line printer control program +/etc/hosts.lpd list of host allowed to use the printers +.TE +.DE +.PP +The file +.Pn /etc/printcap +is a master database describing line +printers directly attached to a machine and, also, printers +accessible across a network. The manual page +.Xr printcap (5) +describes the format of this database and also +shows the default values for such things as the directory +in which spooling is performed. The line printer system handles +multiple printers, multiple spooling queues, local and remote +printers, and also printers attached via serial lines that require +line initialization such as the baud rate. Raster output devices +such as a Varian or Versatec, and laser printers such as an Imagen, +are also supported by the line printer system. +.PP +Remote spooling via the network is handled with two spooling +queues, one on the local machine and one on the remote machine. +When a remote printer job is started with +.Xr lpr , +the job is queued locally and a daemon process created to oversee the +transfer of the job to the remote machine. If the destination +machine is unreachable, the job will remain queued until it is +possible to transfer the files to the spooling queue on the +remote machine. The +.Xr lpq +program shows the contents of spool +queues on both the local and remote machines. +.PP +To configure your line printers, consult the printcap manual page +and the accompanying document, ``4.3BSD Line Printer Spooler Manual'' (SMM:7). +A call to the +.Xr lpd +program should be present in +.Pn /etc/rc . +.Sh 2 "Setting up the mail system" +.PP +The mail system consists of the following commands: +.DS +.TS +l l. +/usr/bin/mail UCB mail program, described in \fImail\fP\|(1) +/usr/sbin/sendmail mail routing program +/var/spool/mail mail spooling directory +/var/spool/secretmail secure mail directory +/usr/bin/xsend secure mail sender +/usr/bin/xget secure mail receiver +/etc/aliases mail forwarding information +/usr/bin/newaliases command to rebuild binary forwarding database +/usr/bin/biff mail notification enabler +/usr/libexec/comsat mail notification daemon +.TE +.DE +Mail is normally sent and received using the +.Xr mail (1) +command (found in +.Pn /usr/bin/mail ), +which provides a front-end to edit the messages sent +and received, and passes the messages to +.Xr sendmail (8) +for routing. +The routing algorithm uses knowledge of the network name syntax, +aliasing and forwarding information, and network topology, as +defined in the configuration file +.Pn /usr/lib/sendmail.cf , +to process each piece of mail. +Local mail is delivered by giving it to the program +.Pn /usr/libexec/mail.local +that adds it to the mailboxes in the directory +.Pn /var/spool/mail/<username> , +using a locking protocol to avoid problems with simultaneous updates. +After the mail is delivered, the local mail delivery daemon +.Pn /usr/libexec/comsat +is notified, which in turn notifies users who have issued a +``\fIbiff\fP y'' command that mail has arrived. +.PP +Mail queued in the directory +.Pn /var/spool/mail +is normally readable only by the recipient. +To send mail that is secure against perusal +(except by a code-breaker) you should use the secret mail facility, +which encrypts the mail. +.PP +To set up the mail facility you should read the instructions in the +file READ_ME in the directory +.Pn /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail +and then adjust the necessary configuration files. +You should also set up the file +.Pn /etc/aliases +for your installation, creating mail groups as appropriate. +For more informations see +``Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide'' (SMM:8) and +``Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router'' (SMM:9). +.Sh 3 "Setting up a UUCP connection" +.LP +The version of +.Xr uucp +included in \*(4B has the following features: +.IP \(bu 3 +support for many auto call units and dialers +in addition to the DEC DN11, +.IP \(bu 3 +breakup of the spooling area into multiple subdirectories, +.IP \(bu 3 +addition of an +.Pn L.cmds +file to control the set +of commands that may be executed by a remote site, +.IP \(bu 3 +enhanced ``expect-send'' sequence capabilities when +logging in to a remote site, +.IP \(bu 3 +new commands to be used in polling sites and +obtaining snap shots of +.Xr uucp +activity, +.IP \(bu 3 +additional protocols for different communication media. +.LP +This section gives a brief overview of +.Xr uucp +and points out the most important steps in its installation. +.PP +To connect two UNIX machines with a +.Xr uucp +network link using modems, +one site must have an automatic call unit +and the other must have a dialup port. +It is better if both sites have both. +.PP +You should first read the paper in the UNIX System Manager's Manual: +``Uucp Implementation Description'' (SMM:14). +It describes in detail the file formats and conventions, +and will give you a little context. +In addition, +the document ``setup.tblms'', +located in the directory +.Pn /usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/UUAIDS , +may be of use in tailoring the software to your needs. +.PP +The +.Xr uucp +support is located in three major directories: +.Pn /usr/bin, +.Pn /usr/lib/uucp, +and +.Pn /var/spool/uucp . +User commands are kept in +.Pn /usr/bin, +operational commands in +.Pn /usr/lib/uucp , +and +.Pn /var/spool/uucp +is used as a spooling area. +The commands in +.Pn /usr/bin +are: +.DS +.TS +l l. +/usr/bin/uucp file-copy command +/usr/bin/uux remote execution command +/usr/bin/uusend binary file transfer using mail +/usr/bin/uuencode binary file encoder (for \fIuusend\fP) +/usr/bin/uudecode binary file decoder (for \fIuusend\fP) +/usr/bin/uulog scans session log files +/usr/bin/uusnap gives a snap-shot of \fIuucp\fP activity +/usr/bin/uupoll polls remote system until an answer is received +/usr/bin/uuname prints a list of known uucp hosts +/usr/bin/uuq gives information about the queue +.TE +.DE +The important files and commands in +.Pn /usr/lib/uucp +are: +.DS +.TS +l l. +/usr/lib/uucp/L-devices list of dialers and hard-wired lines +/usr/lib/uucp/L-dialcodes dialcode abbreviations +/usr/lib/uucp/L.aliases hostname aliases +/usr/lib/uucp/L.cmds commands remote sites may execute +/usr/lib/uucp/L.sys systems to communicate with, how to connect, and when +/usr/lib/uucp/SEQF sequence numbering control file +/usr/lib/uucp/USERFILE remote site pathname access specifications +/usr/lib/uucp/uucico \fIuucp\fP protocol daemon +/usr/lib/uucp/uuclean cleans up garbage files in spool area +/usr/lib/uucp/uuxqt \fIuucp\fP remote execution server +.TE +.DE +while the spooling area contains the following important files and directories: +.DS +.TS +l l. +/var/spool/uucp/C. directory for command, ``C.'' files +/var/spool/uucp/D. directory for data, ``D.'', files +/var/spool/uucp/X. directory for command execution, ``X.'', files +/var/spool/uucp/D.\fImachine\fP directory for local ``D.'' files +/var/spool/uucp/D.\fImachine\fPX directory for local ``X.'' files +/var/spool/uucp/TM. directory for temporary, ``TM.'', files +/var/spool/uucp/LOGFILE log file of \fIuucp\fP activity +/var/spool/uucp/SYSLOG log file of \fIuucp\fP file transfers +.TE +.DE +.PP +To install +.Xr uucp +on your system, +start by selecting a site name +(shorter than 14 characters). +A +.Xr uucp +account must be created in the password file and a password set up. +Then, +create the appropriate spooling directories with mode 755 +and owned by user +.Xr uucp , +group \fIdaemon\fP. +.PP +If you have an auto-call unit, +the L.sys, L-dialcodes, and L-devices files should be created. +The L.sys file should contain +the phone numbers and login sequences +required to establish a connection with a +.Xr uucp +daemon on another machine. +For example, our L.sys file looks something like: +.DS +adiron Any ACU 1200 out0123456789- ogin-EOT-ogin uucp +cbosg Never Slave 300 +cbosgd Never Slave 300 +chico Never Slave 1200 out2010123456 +.DE +The first field is the name of a site, +the second shows when the machine may be called, +the third field specifies how the host is connected +(through an ACU, a hard-wired line, etc.), +then comes the phone number to use in connecting through an auto-call unit, +and finally a login sequence. +The phone number +may contain common abbreviations that are defined in the L-dialcodes file. +The device specification should refer to devices +specified in the L-devices file. +Listing only ACU causes the +.Xr uucp +daemon, +.Xr uucico , +to search for any available auto-call unit in L-devices. +Our L-dialcodes file is of the form: +.DS +ucb 2 +out 9% +.DE +while our L-devices file is: +.DS +ACU cul0 unused 1200 ventel +.DE +Refer to the README file in the +.Xr uucp +source directory for more information about installation. +.PP +As +.Xr uucp +operates it creates (and removes) many small +files in the directories underneath +.Pn /var/spool/uucp . +Sometimes files are left undeleted; +these are most easily purged with the +.Xr uuclean +program. +The log files can grow without bound unless trimmed back; +.Xr uulog +maintains these files. +Many useful aids in maintaining your +.Xr uucp +installation are included in a subdirectory UUAIDS beneath +.Pn /usr/src/usr.bin/uucp . +Peruse this directory and read the ``setup'' instructions also located there. |