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diff --git a/share/doc/papers/sysperf/0.t b/share/doc/papers/sysperf/0.t new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..0c27a344cf3a --- /dev/null +++ b/share/doc/papers/sysperf/0.t @@ -0,0 +1,247 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1985 The Regents of the University of California. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)0.t 5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/91 +.\" +.if n .ND +.TL +Measuring and Improving the Performance of Berkeley UNIX* +.sp +April 17, 1991 +.AU +Marshall Kirk McKusick, +Samuel J. Leffler\(dg, +Michael J. Karels +.AI +Computer Systems Research Group +Computer Science Division +Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science +University of California, Berkeley +Berkeley, CA 94720 +.AB +.FS +* UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. +.FE +.FS +\(dg Samuel J. Leffler is currently employed by: +Silicon Graphics, Inc. +.FE +.FS +This work was done under grants from +the National Science Foundation under grant MCS80-05144, +and the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DoD) under +ARPA Order No. 4031 monitored by Naval Electronic System Command under +Contract No. N00039-82-C-0235. +.FE +The 4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution of +.UX +for the VAX\(dd +.FS +\(dd VAX, MASSBUS, UNIBUS, and DEC are trademarks of +Digital Equipment Corporation. +.FE +had several problems that could severely affect the overall +performance of the system. +These problems were identified with +kernel profiling and system tracing during day to day use. +Once potential problem areas had been identified +benchmark programs were devised to highlight the bottlenecks. +These benchmarks verified that the problems existed and provided +a metric against which to validate proposed solutions. +This paper examines +the performance problems encountered and describes +modifications that have been made +to the system since the initial distribution. +.PP +The changes to the system have consisted of improvements to the +performance of the existing facilities, +as well as enhancements to the current facilities. +Performance improvements in the kernel include cacheing of path name +translations, reductions in clock handling and scheduling overhead, +and improved throughput of the network subsystem. +Performance improvements in the libraries and utilities include replacement of +linear searches of system databases with indexed lookup, +merging of most network services into a single daemon, +and conversion of system utilities to use the more efficient +facilities available in 4.2BSD. +Enhancements in the kernel include the addition of subnets and gateways, +increases in many kernel limits, +cleanup of the signal and autoconfiguration implementations, +and support for windows and system logging. +Functional extensions in the libraries and utilities include +the addition of an Internet name server, +new system management tools, +and extensions to \fIdbx\fP to work with Pascal. +The paper concludes with a brief discussion of changes made to +the system to enhance security. +All of these enhancements are present in Berkeley UNIX 4.3BSD. +.AE +.LP +.sp 2 +CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: +D.4.3 +.B "[Operating Systems]": +File Systems Management \- +.I "file organization, directory structures, access methods"; +D.4.8 +.B "[Operating Systems]": +Performance \- +.I "measurements, operational analysis"; +.sp +Additional Keywords and Phrases: +Berkeley UNIX, +system performance, +application program interface. +.sp +General Terms: +UNIX operating system, +measurement, +performance. +.de PT +.lt \\n(LLu +.pc % +.nr PN \\n% +.tl '\\*(LH'\\*(CH'\\*(RH' +.lt \\n(.lu +.. +.af PN i +.ds LH Performance +.ds RH Contents +.bp 1 +.if t .ds CF April 17, 1991 +.if t .ds LF DRAFT +.if t .ds RF McKusick, et. al. +.ce +.B "TABLE OF CONTENTS" +.LP +.sp 1 +.nf +.B "1. Introduction" +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "2. Observation techniques +\0.1. System maintenance tools +\0.2. Kernel profiling +\0.3. Kernel tracing +\0.4. Benchmark programs +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "3. Results of our observations +\0.1. User programs +\0.1.1. Mail system +\0.1.2. Network servers +\0.2. System overhead +\0.2.1. Micro-operation benchmarks +\0.2.2. Path name translation +\0.2.3. Clock processing +\0.2.4. Terminal multiplexors +\0.2.5. Process table management +\0.2.6. File system buffer cache +\0.2.7. Network subsystem +\0.2.8. Virtual memory subsystem +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "4. Performance Improvements +\0.1. Performance Improvements in the Kernel +\0.1.1. Name Cacheing +\0.1.2. Intelligent Auto Siloing +\0.1.3. Process Table Management +\0.1.4. Scheduling +\0.1.5. Clock Handling +\0.1.6. File System +\0.1.7. Network +\0.1.8. Exec +\0.1.9. Context Switching +\0.1.10. Setjmp and Longjmp +\0.1.11. Compensating for Lack of Compiler Technology +\0.2. Improvements to Libraries and Utilities +\0.2.1. Hashed Databases +\0.2.2. Buffered I/O +\0.2.3. Mail System +\0.2.4. Network Servers +\0.2.5. The C Run-time Library +\0.2.6. Csh +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "5. Functional Extensions +\0.1. Kernel Extensions +\0.1.1. Subnets, Broadcasts, and Gateways +\0.1.2. Interface Addressing +\0.1.3. User Control of Network Buffering +\0.1.4. Number of File Descriptors +\0.1.5. Kernel Limits +\0.1.6. Memory Management +\0.1.7. Signals +\0.1.8. System Logging +\0.1.9. Windows +\0.1.10. Configuration of UNIBUS Devices +\0.1.11. Disk Recovery from Errors +\0.2. Functional Extensions to Libraries and Utilities +\0.2.1. Name Server +\0.2.2. System Management +\0.2.3. Routing +\0.2.4. Compilers +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "6. Security Tightening +\0.1. Generic Kernel +\0.2. Security Problems in Utilities +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "7. Conclusions +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B Acknowledgements +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B References +.LP +.sp .5v +.nf +.B "Appendix \- Benchmark Programs" +.de _d +.if t .ta .6i 2.1i 2.6i +.\" 2.94 went to 2.6, 3.64 to 3.30 +.if n .ta .84i 2.6i 3.30i +.. +.de _f +.if t .ta .5i 1.25i 2.5i +.\" 3.5i went to 3.8i +.if n .ta .7i 1.75i 3.8i +.. |